1 / 38

Chapter Five: Health-Compromising Behaviors

Chapter Five: Health-Compromising Behaviors. Chapter Outline. Characteristics of health-compromising behaviors Obesity Eating disorders Alcoholism and problem drinking What is substance dependence? Smoking. Characteristics of Health-Compromising Behaviors. Habitual and addictive

roxannr
Télécharger la présentation

Chapter Five: Health-Compromising Behaviors

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Chapter Five:Health-Compromising Behaviors

  2. Chapter Outline • Characteristics of health-compromising behaviors • Obesity • Eating disorders • Alcoholism and problem drinking • What is substance dependence? • Smoking

  3. Characteristics of Health-Compromising Behaviors • Habitual and addictive • Window of vulnerability in adolescence • Influenced by peer pressure • Pleasurable and helps to cope with stress • Develop gradually • Have similar causative factors • Common in the lower social classes

  4. Obesity • Excessive accumulation of body fat • Risks • Contributes to: • Death rates for all cancers and cardiovascular disease • Atherosclerosis, hypertension, Type II diabetes, and heart failure • Increases risks in surgery, anesthesia administration, and childbearing

  5. Obesity • Major cause of disability • Lowers the drive to exercise • Difficulty performing basic tasks • Poor cognitive functioning • Associated with early mortality • Can cause psychological, social, and economic stress

  6. Obesity in Childhood • Causes • Genetics • Forceful feeding style • Sedentary lifestyle • Depends on the number and size of an individual’s fat cells

  7. SES, Culture, and Obesity • Factors that influence obesity • Social status and culture • Depression • High neuroticism, extraversion, and impulsivity • Social networks • Siblings and friends who are obese

  8. Dieting as Risk Factors for Obesity  • Yo-yo dieting: Successive cycles of dieting and weight gain • Enhances the efficiency of food use • Lowers metabolic rate • Set point theory of weight: Each individual has an ideal biological weight, which cannot be greatly modified

  9. Stress • Affects eating habits of different people in different ways • Can disinhibit food consumption • Stress eating: Practice of eating in response to stress • Tied to anxiety and depression

  10. Ways to Treat Obesity • Dieting • Surgery • Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) • Screening • Self-monitoring • Stimulus control • Controlling eating

  11. Ways to Treat Obesity • Self reinforcement • Controlling self-talk • Adding exercise • Stress management • Social support • Relapse prevention

  12. Preventive Measures for Obesity • Training parents on sensible meal-planning and eating habits • Changing lifestyles at an young age • School-based interventions • Social engineering strategies

  13. Eating Disorders • Developed due to the pursuit of thinness • Highest disability and mortality rates of all behavioral disorders • Lead to: • Depression and anxiety • Low self esteem and a poor sense of mastery

  14. Anorexia Nervosa Obsessive disorder amounting to self-starvation • Body weight is well below optimum level Causes • Genetic factors - Genes involving the serotonin, dopamine, and estrogen systems • Interactions between genetic and environmental factors • Dysregulated biological stress systems • Personality characteristics • Family interaction patterns

  15. Treating Anorexia • Therapy • Cognitive-behavioral approaches • Family therapy • Prevention • Addressing social norms • Addressing the health risks of eating disorders • Urging symptomatic individuals to accept treatments

  16. Bulimia • Characterized by alternating cycles of binge eating and purging • People with binge eating disorders are characterized by: • Excessive concern with body and weight • Preoccupation with dieting • History of depression, psychopathology, and alcohol or drug abuse

  17. Bulimia • Difficulties with managing work and social settings • Causes • Different stress responses • Higher cortisol levels • Large body mass • Depression and substance abuse • Genetics and hormonal dysfunctions

  18. Bulimia • Family values • Low leptin functioning • Hypothalamic dysfunction • Food allergies • Disordered taste responsivity • Disorder of the endogenous opioid system • Neurological disorder

  19. Treating Bulimia • Convincing bulimics about the seriousness of the disease • Combination of medication and cognitive-behavioral therapy • Using relapse prevention techniques

  20. Alcoholism and Problem Drinking Associated with: • High blood pressure • Stroke • Cirrhosis of the liver • Certain forms of cancer • Brain atrophy • Sleep disorders Leads to: • Economic loss • Social problems

  21. Substance Dependence • Repeatedly self-administering substances • Physical dependence: Body adjusts to substance and incorporates its use into normal functioning of the body’s tissues • Tolerance: Body increasingly adapts to the use of a substance • Craving: Strong desire to engage in a behavior or consume a substance

  22. Substance Dependence • Addiction: Person becomes physically or psychologically dependent on a substance following repeated use over time • Withdrawal: Unpleasant symptoms experienced by people when they stop using the dependent substance • Causes anxiety, irritability, intense cravings for the substance, nausea, headaches, tremors, and hallucinations

  23. Alcoholism and Problem Drinking • Patterns of behaviors • Inability to cut down on drinking • Repeated efforts to control drinking • Binge drinking • Occasional consumption of large quantities • Loss of memory while intoxicated

  24. Alcoholism and Problem Drinking • Drinking despite health problems • Drinking of nonbeverage alcohol • Physical addiction • Withdrawal symptoms • High tolerance for alcohol

  25. Alcoholism and Problem Drinking • Causes • Genetics • Socio demographic factors • Stress - Financial and social • Low social support • Unemployment • Depression

  26. Treatments of Alcohol Abuse Cognitive-behavioral modification programs Providing employment opportunities and social support Treatment programs • Detoxification: Conducted in a carefully supervised and monitored medical setting for hard-core alcoholics Relapse prevention

  27. Evaluation of Alcohol Treatment Programs • Factors associated with successful alcohol treatment programs • Environmental factors • Moderate length of participation • Involvement of family and employers • Social engineering approaches are required to complement formal intervention efforts

  28. Preventive Approaches to Alcohol Abuse • Inducing adolescents to not drink or to keep it under control • Promoting social influence programs in schools • Enhances adolescents’ self-efficacy • Changes social norms • Low-cost option for low-income areas

  29. Drinking and Driving • Results in thousands of vehicular fatalities each year • Can be controlled by: • Programs such as MADD (Mothers Against Drunk Driving) • Adopting self-regulatory techniques

  30. Smoking • Single greatest cause of preventable death • Increases the risk of many diseases and disorders • Coworkers and family members of smokers are affected by secondhand smoke

  31. Synergistic Effects of Smoking • Boosts the damaging effects of other risk factors • Stress and smoking interact in dangerous ways • In men - Increase heart rate reactivity to stress • In women - Reduce heart rate but increase blood pressure as a response to stress

  32. Effects of Smoking • Weight and smoking can interact to increase mortality • Smoking and depression can interact to substantially increase the risk for cancer • Related to anxiety in adolescence

  33. Factors Associated with Smoking in Adolescents • Initial experimentation • Peer pressure • Interacting with other smokers • Lack of discipline and monitoring in schools • Familial attitude and influence • Socio economic status

  34. Factors Associated with Smoking in Adolescents • Increase in stress • Depression • Mass media influence • Low self-esteem • Dependency • Feelings of powerlessness • Social isolation

  35. Why is Smoking So Hard to Change? • Associated with pleasurable activities • Highly individualized • Leads to short-term unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when stopped abruptly • Elevates mood • Keeps weight down • Benefits of being abstinent is not known

  36. Ways to Reduce Smoking • Changing attitudes toward smoking • Therapeutic approach to the problem • Nicotine replacement therapy • Interventions • Social support and stress management • Interventions with adolescents • Relapse prevention

  37. Ways to Reduce Smoking • Evaluation of interventions • Brief interventions • Workplace interventions • Commercial programs and self-help • Self-help aids: Encourages smokers to quit the habit

  38. Smoking Prevention Programs • Catch potential smokers early and attack the underlying motivations that lead to smoking • Implemented in schools • Emphasize the negative effects of smoking • Convey a positive image of the nonsmoker • Peer groups are used to foster non smoking

More Related