July 2, 2010

2. “All the News That’s Fit to Print” National Edition July 2, 2010 Obama Exhorts Congress to Back Immigration Overhaul By Peter Baker WASHINGTON--In his first speech devoted entirely to immigration policy since taking office, Mr. Obama tried to navigate between what he called the two extremes of the debate, defending his efforts to strengthen border security while promoting a path to citizenship for many of the 11 million people in the United States illegally. WASHINGTON--In his first speech devoted entirely to immigration policy since taking office, Mr. Obama tried to navigate between what he called the two extremes of the debate, defending his efforts to strengthen border security while promoting a path to citizenship for many of the 11 million people in the United States illegally. WASHINGTON--In his first speech devoted entirely to immigration policy since taking office, Mr. Obama tried to navigate between what he called the two extremes of the debate, defending his efforts to strengthen border security while promoting a path to citizenship for many of the 11 million people in the United States illegally. Strengthen border security Promoting Path to Citizenship

3. Strengthen Border Security San Diego County Tijuana, Mexico Operation Gatekeeper (1994): Strengthened border security along the San Diego-Tijuana border Caltran began posting these signs along I-5 in early 90s after dozens of deaths

4. I. Strengthen Border Security San Diego County The Wall Tijuana, Mexico Operation Gatekeeper (1994): Strengthened border security along the San Diego-Tijuana border Caltran began posting these signs along I-5 in early 90s after dozens of deaths

5. Deaths in the Arizona Desert, 2000-2004 Naco Douglas

6. I. Strengthen Border Security

7. Drug and Human Smuggling Routes

8. Drug and Human Smuggling Routes

9. Drug and Human Smuggling Routes

10. Drug and Human Smuggling Routes

11. Figure 1. The Rise in Border Enforcement, 1977-2003 INS Budget Linewatch hours

12. Figure 2. Coyote prices, 1975-2003

13. INS Budget Linewatch Hours Coyote Prices

14. ^ Coyote Prices (1990$ per trip) Line Watch (100,000 of hours per year) Data: 1977-2003

15. ^ Coyote Prices (1990$ per trip) ^ Line Watch (100,000 of hours per year) Data: 1977-2003

16. Market for Coyote Smuggling Services (CSS), 1986-2003 Price (1990$ per trip) S86 D86 P86 = $300 Q86 Quantity

17. Market for Coyote Smuggling Services (CSS), 1986-2003 Price (1990$ per trip) S03 S86 D86 D03 P03 = $1200 P86 = $300 Q86 Q03 Quantity

18. Effects of Strengthen Border Security • No significant reduction in illegal immigration flows. • Routes change and conditions worsen, • The cost of migrating (coyotes & other costs) increase • Migrants stay longer / less seasonal migration • Migrants increasingly bring their families

19. Bottom Line of economists’ research—migrants respond to changing incentives

20. Bottom Line of economists’ research—migrants respond to changing incentives

21. The Immigration EquationBy Roger Lowenstein. The New York Times Magazine, July 9, 2006 The question of whether “more job seekers from abroad mean fewer opportunities, or lower wages, for native workers -- is one of the most controversial ideas in labor economics.”

23. Georgia Manicurists, 1990-2006 All Viet Non-Viet

24. The Growth, Dispersion and Composition of Manicurists, 1985 to 2006

28. Replacement or Displacement?

29. Figure 10.2: Demand and Supply of Rough Laborers