The Rise of Islam: From Prophet Muhammad to a Global Religion

1. Chapter 10Muslim Civilizations

2. Section 1: The Rise of Islam

3. Section 1: The Rise of Islam • Islam • Followers are called Muslim. • Emerged in the Arabian Peninsula. Muhammad becomes a Prophet • Mecca • A thriving center of trade • Most Arabs prayed at the Kaaba to Pagan gods. • Pilgrims made Mecca merchants wealthy. • Born in Mecca around A.D. 570 • Early Life he worked as a shepherd among the Bedouins. • Later became a successful merchant

4. Mecca

5. Section 1: The Rise of Islam • At 25 Married a wealthy widow Khadija • Who ran a caravan business • Became known for his honesty. • According to Muslim tradition he became a prophet at age 40. • When he was asked by the Angel Gabriel to become God’s messenger. • Muhammad became terrified and puzzled • Thought how can a illiterate merchant, become the messenger of God. • Khadija encouraged him to accept the call • Frist to call it Islam

6. Section 1: The Rise of Islam • Muhammad Devoted his life to spreading Islam • He urged Arabs to give up their worship of pagan gods and submit to the one true God. • Allah The Hija: A Turning Point • At first few people listened to Muhammad • In 622 he and his followers fled Mecca for Yathrib. • Merchants were fearful that his teachings would interrupt pilgrim trade. • Also had a threat of Murder • The Journey was known as the Hijra.

7. Section 1: The Rise of Islam • Yathrib would later be known as Medina. • The Hijra was the turning point. • In Medina, Muslim converts welcomed Muhammad and agreed to spread his teachings • They became the first umma or Muslim community • Loyalty to the umma was based on Islam not old family rivalries. • Muhammad created rules that governed and united Muslims and brought peace among the clans of Medina • Many Arabs began to adopt Islam due to Muhammad’s reputation

8. Section 1: The Rise of Islam • Meccan leaders grew more hostile towards the Muslims • Muslims attacked several caravans and Meccans prepared for War. • After fighting battles with Meccans, Muhammad returned to Mecca in 630 • He destroyed the idols in Kaaba • Temple built by Abraham to worship the one true God. • Rededicated it to Allah • Became the holy place for Islam • Muhammad died in 632. • The faith continued to spread • Today, Islam is a major world religion

10. Section 1: The Rise of Islam Teachings of Islam • Islam is monotheistic • The Quran, the scared text of Islam • Teaches that God is all-powerful and compassionate • Islam doesn’t require the priest to mediate between the people and God. • Muslims believe that God sends prophets • Includes Abraham, Moses, and Jesus • To Muslims, Muhammad was the latest and greatest prophet

11. Section 1: The Rise of Islam Muslims Study the Quran • To Muslims, the Quran contains the scared word of god as revealed to Muhammad. • The Quran teaches that about God’s will and provides a guide to life. • Ethical standards emphasize honesty, generosity and social justice. • According to the Quran, Each individual will stand before God on the final judgment day • Faces either eternal punishment or eternal bliss in paradise • Muslims believe that the Quran is the direct, unchangeable word of God

12. Section 1: The Rise of Islam • All converts to Islam learn Arabic. • Arabic is the shared language that helped to unite Muslims from many regions of the world. Muslims Follow Duties • Muslims perform five basic duties • First to declaration of faith • Second Pray five times a day • A mosques are were they gather to pray. • Third is to give charity to the poor • Fourth is to fast from sunrise to sunset during the holy month of Ramadon • Fifth make a Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca, if able

13. Section 1: The Rise of Islam • Another duty is a Jihad, or Struggle in God’s service • Jihad is a personal duty of a Muslim • May take the form of a holy war • Crusades • A holy war may be declared for a community, not by an individual “People of the Book” • Because Jews and Christians worship the same God, Muslims call the “People of the Book.” • Most cases have been allowed religious freedom in Muslim societies

14. Section 1: The Rise of Islam

15. Section 1: The Rise of Islam Islam: A way of Life • Islam is both a religion and a way of life. • Sharia is a body of laws the interprets the Quran and applies religious principles to legal situations. • Helps Muslim societies govern daily life. • Moral Conduct, family life, business practices, and government • Doesn’t make a difference between criminal and civil law

16. Section 1: The Rise of Islam Impact on Women • Before the Islam, the position of women varied • In some communities women were very active • Most communities placed limited right on women • According to the Quran women are spiritually equal to men. • But they have different roles. • Women were allowed to be educated so they could read the Quran • As Islam spread custom were added, The practice of upper class women veiling was a Persian custom • The Quran says women should dress moderately • Rural women didn’t veil, because of work.

18. Section 2: Building A Muslim Empire Early Challenges to Islam • Muslims faced many problems when Muhammad died and didn’t name a successor • Muslims eventually agreed that Abu Bakr as first caliph • Muhammad’s father in law • Successor to Muhammad • In 632 Abu Bakr became the first Caliph. • United all Arab tribes as Muslims. • Once united the Muslims defeated the Persians. • And Parts of the Byzantine empire.

19. Section 2: Building A Muslim Empire • To some loyalty of some Arabs depended on Muhammad’s personal command. • Some Arabs refused to follow Abu Bakr and withdrew loyalty to Islam • Abu Bakr managed to unite the remaining Muslims • Started and military campaigns • Began to convert remaining Arab tribe to Islam • End warfare and united them under one leader • Issues arise. • After Muhammad’s Death issues arose between Sunni and Shiite Muslims.

20. Section 2: Building A Muslim Empire Divisions Emerge within Islam • Shiites • Believe that Muhammad’s true successors must be descendants of his son-in-law, Ali or Muhammad’s daughter Fatima • They should also be religious leaders and interpret the Quran. • Sunnis • Believe that male Muslims from Muhammad’s tribe can lead without performing religious functions. • Inspiration comes from the example of Muhammad as recorded by his early followers.

21. Section 2: Building A Muslim Empire • Today • About 90% of Muslims are Sunni. • Both groups believe in the same God, the Quran, and the five pillars of Islam. • They differ in religious practices, laws, and rules about daily life. • A third group the Sufis,. Sufis • meditate and fast to gain communion with God • They spread Islam by traveling, preaching and being good examples to others.

22. Section 2: Building A Muslim Empire Sunni Umayyad • In the 700’s, a powerful clan set up the Sunni Umayyad caliphate. • They directed conquest that extended the Muslim empire. • From Spain to the Indus River Valley. • The empire last until 750. Expanding the Muslim Empire • From Egypt, Arab armies moved west, defeating the Byzantine forces across North Africa • Crossed into Spain in 731, moved towards France • Defeated by the Frankish at the Battle of Tours, 732

23. Section 2: Building A Muslim Empire Reasons for Muslim Success • One weakness of the Byzantine and Persian Empires • Fought each into exhaustion • Second Arabs’ bold, efficient, fighting methods • Mounted cavalry and mobile offensives Treatment of Conquered People • They imposed a special tax on non-Muslims. • But Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians could still worship. • The Umayyads didn’t force “People of the Book” to convert • Tax was used to support the Arab armies • Christians and Jews had important roles • Doctors, officials and translators

24. Section 2: Building A Muslim Empire • Were urged to remain separate from native populations • In time, many non-Muslims convert to Islam • To gain political and economic power • In later centuries Islam spread to Turkey and Central Asia • Turks and Mongols Decline of the Umayyad Caliphate • Umayyads begin to decline (fall in 750) • Arabs had to adapt from living in the deserts to ruling huge territories. • Ruled like tribal leaders instead of kings.

25. Section 2: Building A Muslim Empire • They often relied on non-Arab officials to help rule their land. • Economic tensions rose between the wealthy and the poor when wealthy conquests began to slow down. (Caliphs continued to lived luxuriously)

27. Section 2: Building A Muslim Empire Rise of the Abbasid Dynasty • Abu al-Abbas, descendent from Muhammad’s uncle • Ended conquest. • Treated all Muslims equal • Supported Education and learning. • Enjoyed a golden age with a more efficient government . • Capital to Baghdad from Damascus • Influenced by Persian traditions. • Mosques with minarets graced the cities. • Markets sold good from afar.

28. Section 2: Building A Muslim Empire Muslim Culture in Spain • Separate Muslim state • In Spain the Umayyads established a separate state. • Muslims ruled parts of Spain until 1492. • Were tolerant of other religions, supported scholars, and constructed grand buildings.

29. Section 2: Building A Muslim Empire The Muslim Empires Decline • As the empire declined, independent dynasties took over. • Seljuk Turks gained power and their sultan controlled Baghdad by 1055. • Kept the Abbasid caliph as a figurehead. • In 1216 the Mongols attacked across SW Asia. • Genghis Khan • Burned Baghdad in 1258 ending the Abbasid dynasty • Adopted Islam

31. Section 3: Muslims Civilization’s Golden Age • Under the Abbasids, Muslim civilization absorbed tradition from many cultures. • Cities from Baghdad to Cordoba, Spain • Many people lived under Muslim rule • Included Jews and Christians • The works produced by Abbasid period shaped Muslim culture and civilization • Christian European scholars began to study Muslim philosophy, art, science. • Reintroduced ideas of Greco-Roman civilization

32. Section 3: Muslims Civilization’s Golden Age Social and Economic Advances • Muslim rulers united diverse cultures • Arabs, Persians, Egyptian, African, and European. Later, Mongols, Turks, Indians and Southwest Asians. • Continued to absorb and blend many traditions Muslims Build an International trade Network • Merchants were honored in Muslim culture • Muhammad was a merchant • Between 750 and 1350 merchants built a vast trading network across Muslims lands and beyond

33. Section 3: Muslims Civilization’s Golden Age • Camel caravans “Ships of the Desert” crossed the Sahara into West Africa. • Muslim, Jewish and Christian traders traveled the Silk road towards China • Monsoons carried Arab ships from East Africa to India and Southeast Asia. • Trade spread products, technologies, knowledge and culture. • Muslim merchants introduced an Indian number system into the Western World • Later know was Arabic numerals

34. Section 3: Muslims Civilization’s Golden Age • Traders also carried sugar from India and papermaking from China • Introduced Islam to these areas • As people converted, Arabic spread and helped the global exchange to grow. • Muslims began to create partnerships • Began to buy and sell credit • Banks began to form • Open branch banks in all major cities • Baghdad to Cairo

35. Section 3: Muslims Civilization’s Golden Age Manufacturing Goods are Highly Valued • In Muslim cities guilds developed like in Medieval Europe • Head of guilds, chosen by members • Had the authority to regulate prices, weights and m and measures, methods of production and quality of product • Work done by waged workers • Goods are demanded around Muslim world.

36. Section 3: Muslims Civilization’s Golden Age Agriculture Thrives • Outside of cities agriculture flourished across a variety of climates and landforms • Both Umayyad and Abbasid rulers took step to preserve and extend agricultural lands • Small farming communities face the scarcity of water. • The Abbasid organized massive irrigation projects and drained swampland between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.

37. Section 3: Muslims Civilization’s Golden Age • Farmers also began to produced goods for far off markets. • Sugar cane, cotton, medicinal herbs and flowers • The desert continued to support nomads who lived in the desert. • Herders bought dates and grains from farmers • Farmer got meat, wool, and hides • Herders also provide pack animals and guide for the caravan trade

38. Section 3: Muslims Civilization’s Golden Age Social Structure and Slavery • Muslim society in the 700’s and 800s were more open than Christian Europe • Muslim has some social mobility • People could improve their rank through religious, scholarly or military achievements • Slavery was a common institution in Muslim lands, • Islamic law encouraged freeing of slaves as an act of charity • Slaves were often from conquered lands, because Muslims were not to enslave other Muslims

39. Section 3: Muslims Civilization’s Golden Age • If a slave converted to Islam they didn’t become free • A female slave who bore a child by her Muslim owner gained freedom upon masters death • Children born of a slave mother and a free father were also considered free. • Most slaves worked as household servants, some were skilled artisans • Abbasid caliph created Turk Slave-Soldiers • Men were often educated under Islamic law

40. Section 3: Muslims Civilization’s Golden Age Muslim Arts, Literature and Architecture • Muslim art and literature reflected the diverse traditions of various people who lived under Muslim rule • The great work of literature was the Quran • The Quran banned the worship of idols • Muslim religious leader forbade artists to portray God or human figures in religious art • Gave Islamic art a distinctive style

42. Section 3: Muslims Civilization’s Golden Age Poetry and Tales of Adventure • Arabs had a rich tradition of oral poetry • Poets chanted dangers of desert journeys, joys of battle or the glories of their clans • Important theme are Chivalry and the romance of nomadic life. • Later Arab poets develop a elaborate formal rules and explore both religious and worldly themes • Arab writers also prized the art of storytelling • Also gathered and adapted stories from Indian, Persian, Greek, Jewish, Egyptian and Turkish sources

43. Section 3: Muslims Civilization’s Golden Age Religious Buildings • Domed mosques and high minarets dominate Muslims cities • Adapted from Byzantine • Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, 668 • Inside the dome is decorated with elaborate abstract, geometric patterns • Muslim artists perfected skills in calligraphy • Verses from the Quran to decorations on building

44. Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem

46. Section 3: Muslims Civilization’s Golden Age Nonreligious Art • Some artists painted human and animal figures in nonreligious art • Arabic scientific works and literary works • Later Persian, Turkish and Indian Artists painted miniatures to illustrate books of poems and fables Muslims Seek Knowledge • Although Muhammad could not read or write, he respected learning • Both Girls and Boys received elementary education • Skills needed to study the Quran

47. Section 3: Muslims Civilization’s Golden Age Centers of Learning • Al-Mamun and later caliphs established Baghdad as the greatest center of Islamic learning. • Its libraries attracted well paid and highly respected scholars. • Cairo, Cordoba, and Timbuktu were also known as center of Islamic Learning • In these cities scholars advances in philosophy, math, medicine and other areas. • Also preserved the learning from earlier civilization by translating ancient Persian, Sanskrit and Greek texts into Arabic

48. Section 3: Muslims Civilization’s Golden Age Philosophy and History • Muslim scholars translated works of the Greek philosophers, as well the Hindu and Buddhist texts • Tried to harmonize Greek Idea about reason with religious beliefs on divine revelation • In Cardoba, the philosopher Inb Rushd (Averroe) Put all known except the Quran to the test of reason. • His writings about Aristotle were translated in Latin and influenced Christian scholars in Europe

49. Section 3: Muslims Civilization’s Golden Age • Ibn Khaldun set standards for scientific study of History • He stressed economic and social structures as a cause of historical events • Also warned about common causes of error in historical writings • Bias, exaggeration and overconfidence in the accuracy of sources • Urged historians to trust sources only after a thorough investigation

50. Section 3: Muslims Civilization’s Golden Age Mathematics • Al-Khwarizmi, pioneered the study of algebra • Wrote a book in the 800s that became a standard mathematic textbook in Europe • Also developed a set of astronomical tables based on Greek and Indian discoveries. Medicine • Built upon the knowledge of the Ancient Greeks • Muslims made advancements in medicine and public health