1. HOW THE NUMBERED TREATIES AFFECTED COLLECTIVE RIGHTS Conditions of the numbered treaties Reasons for numbered treaties Concerns about numbered treaties

2. THE NUMBERED TREATIES • Have roots in the Royal Proclamation of 1763, which ended the Seven Years War between the French and British • First nations agreed under the treaties to share • Their lands and resources • In return they received from the federal government • Education • Hunting and fishing rights • Reserves • Farming assistance • Annuities • Special benefits • Health Care

3. THE NUMBERED TREATIES • For First Nations the numbered treaties are sacred nation-to-nation agreements • They should not be changed without agreement by the First Nations • Treaty rights and citizenship go together now, in the past, and in the future • Reasons for agreeing to treaties • Federal governments desire to build a national railway • Desire to avoid war, between settlers and First Nations • Economic security for first Nations due to small pox, loss of buffalo, end of fur trade

4. CONCERNS ABOUT NUMBERED TREATIES • Natives do not think of land as something you can give up, since you can never own it • Differences between oral versions of treaties used by Natives and written versions used by Europeans • Largely dealt with only prairie based First Nations • Differences between the law and the policies

5. THE NUMBERED TREATIES • THE NUMBERED TREATIES OF WESTERN CANADA