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A Smokefree Multi-unit Housing Anecdote

A Smokefree Multi-unit Housing Anecdote. Jonathan P. Winickoff, MD, MPH Associate Professor in Pediatrics Harvard Medical School September 24, 2011. …dedicated to eliminating children’s exposure to secondhand smoke and tobacco. Smokefree multi-unit housing.

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A Smokefree Multi-unit Housing Anecdote

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  1. A Smokefree Multi-unit Housing Anecdote Jonathan P. Winickoff, MD, MPH Associate Professor in Pediatrics Harvard Medical School September 24, 2011

  2. …dedicated to eliminating children’s exposure to secondhand smoke and tobacco

  3. Smokefree multi-unit housing • Imagine telling the home owner that they can’t smoke in their own unit? • Focus on the established evidence to build the case for smokefree multi-unit housing • tobacco smoke causes harm • contamination occurs • cotinine levels of children are elevated • public support for smokefree multi-unit housing • legal/ethical framework supports smokefree

  4. Comparative Causes of Annual Preventable Deaths in the United States AIDS Alcohol Motor Homicide Drug Suicide Smoking Vehicle Induced Sources: (AIDS) HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report 1998; (Alcohol) McGinnis MJ, Foege WH. Review: Actual Causes of Death in the United States. JAMA 1993; 270:2207-12; (Motor vehicle) National Highway Transportation Safety Administration, 1998; (Homicide, Suicide) NCHS, vital statistics, 1997; (Drug Induced) NCHS, vital statistics, 1996; (Smoking) SAMMEC, 1995

  5. Children and Tobacco Smoke There is NO safe level of exposure Increased risk of: Asthma, RSV pneumonia, SIDS, Otitis media, Metabolic Syndrome, Dental caries Hospitalizations Sleep disturbance School absenteeism Developmental delay—even at lowest detectable levels (Yolton et al)

  6. Biochemical changes at low levels Wilson, et al Using NHANES Relationship between cotinine levels and serum levels of antioxidants Significant association between levels of cotinine and vitamin C, and carotenoids Association was significant even at low levels of exposure (.015-2 ng/mL)

  7. The Life Cycle Effects of Smoking Asthma Otitis Media Fire-related Injuries Cognitive Problems Influences to Start Smoking SIDS RSV/Bronchiolitis Meningitis Childhood Infancy Adolescence Nicotine Addiction Health Effects In utero Adulthood Low Birth Weight Stillbirth Cancer Cardiovascular Disease COPD Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1997

  8. Contamination: Reason for Concern • Overarching issue is that smoke in multi-unit housing affects everyone else • Exposure through shared ventilation, along air ducts, leaky walls. • The numbers add up quickly, if just 5 people in a building smoke ½ pack of cigarettes in their apartment each day; the load to the building is over 18,000 cigarettes each year.

  9. Effect of a Single Cigarette on Indoor Air Quality …it takes TWO hours for the air quality to return to minimum federal safety standard for levels of CO, fine particles and particulate aromatic hydrocarbons.. Ott et al. 2003. J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc.

  10. Can smoking in one unit contaminate another unit? Kraev et al. (2009) demonstrated, using “Hammond” filters, that air in 89% of non-smoking units was contaminated with nicotine. 11

  11. Smokefree Laws Mostly Protect Adults • Increasingly, workplaces, restaurants, bars, and other public places are going smokefree • Young children spend most of their time in the home • Poor children live in multi-unit housing, where smoking is most concentrated

  12. Cotinine levels in children 2001-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) Hypothesized and found that among children in households that do not allow smoking in their own home, children who live in apartments have a 140% higher cotinine level than children living in detached homes, This relationship persists when controlling for poverty and race/ethnicity 13

  13. Cotinine levels in children by housing type 14

  14. What do people who live in multi-unit housing actually think? 2009 Social climate survey Nationally representative based on US Census Data 1500 respondents per year with approximately 70% response rate among eligible respondents contacted

  15. What do people who live in multi-unit housing actually think? We hypothesized that people who lived in multi-unit housing would be more resistant to banning smoking in private units of buildings A majority support banning smoking in housing Those in apartments were more supportive, not less

  16. Legal and ethical framework HUD: 6.7% of housing authorities smokefree and increasing. NEJM article presents legal and regulatory precedent, health consequences of tobacco smoke, and inability of non-smokers to escape exposure…and argues that principles of social justice can only be met by smoke-free public housing policies. Bans could proceed as leases are renewed, and safe forms of nicotine replacement therapy could be offered to support addicted individuals 18

  17. Use social strategies Social strategies can be very effective when you put a human face on the problem Build public support for protecting those at risk The press and the media can help 19

  18. Newsweek Magazine Article

  19. The Media has Popularized theThird-Hand Smoke Concept 21

  20. Thirdhand Smoke Accumulates THS accumulates in the homes of people who smoke Matt et. al. showed that even after a home remains vacant for 2 months and prepared for the new residents, THS contamination remains on surfaces and in house dust. Non-smokers living in former smokers homes are exposed to tobacco smoke toxins. 22

  21. Jessica Lin 1st Place winner, FAMRI/ AAP/Richmond Center Art Contest 2009

  22. Partner with Pediatricians • AAP policy recommends that pediatricians support clean-air and smoke free environment ordinances and legislation in their community and state. To aid in accomplishing smoke free multi-unit housing you can:  • Work with AAP chapters to pass state legislation or local ordinances requiring that multi-unit housing be smoke free • Work with local zoning administrators to require that multi-unit housing, including owner-occupied condominiums and apartments, are smoke free • Work with housing association boards and local government coalitions. • Educate landlords and homeowners associations about the importance of maintaining smoke-free multi-unit housing environments - for the health of their tenants and residents, and to improve their own bottom lines.

  23. Resources and tools to aid in your advocacy efforts

  24. HUD Smoke Free Toolkit – Coming Soon!

  25. HUD Smoke Free Toolkit • Toolkit for residents • Education materials • Legal options • Steps for residents to start making their buildings smoke-free • Resident organizing letter • Sample petitions • Sample letter to owners/manager • SAMPLE DOCTOR LETTER!!!!! • Home pledge kit • List of resources

  26. HUD Smoke Free Toolkit (con’t) • Toolkit for owners/managers • Reasons to consider going smoke-free • FAQs about the benefits of smoke-free housing • Steps for owners/managers to take to implement smoke-free policies • Sample resident letter • Sample lease addendum • List of resources

  27. Summary Provided key research studies: cotinine levels - significant exposure public support - for protecting those at risk legal framework - analysis of strategies for action Told anecdotes and shown media support Explained partnership among clinician types Together these components provide the scientific evidence and social strategies to build the political will for banning smoking in multi-unit housing. 29

  28. AAP Richmond Center of Excellence

  29. AAP Resources • AAP Richmond Center Web Site – Smoke Free Multiunit Housing Web Page (http://www.aap.org/richmondcenter/SmokeFreeHousing.html) • Facebook (CEASETOBACCO) Clinical and Community Effort Against Secondhand Smoke Exposure • AAP eLearning…Maintenance of Certification-Tobacco Control Module (http://www.pedialink.org/cme/eqipptc)

  30. References • Winickoff JP, Gotlieb M, Mello MM. Regulation of smoking in public housing. New England Journal of Medicine. 2010 Jun 17;362 (24):2319-25. PMID: 20554988 • Aligne CA, Stoddard JJ. An economic evaluation of the medical effects of parental smoking. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1997;151:648-653. • Winickoff JP. Ban smoking in public housing. Newsweek Magazine. June 13, 2009. PMID: 19655657 • Winickoff J, Dempsey J, Friebely J, Hipple B, Lazorick S.  EQIPP: Eliminate Tobacco Use and Exposure [online course]. PediaLink. American Academy of Pediatrics. March 1, 2011. http://www.pedialink.org/cme/eqipptc. Accessed April 11, 2011

  31. References 1.Vital signs: nonsmokers' exposure to secondhand smoke --- United States, 1999-2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2010;59:1141-6. 2.Bernert JT, Jr., McGuffey JE, Morrison MA, Pirkle JL. Comparison of serum and salivary cotinine measurements by a sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method as an indicator of exposure to tobacco smoke among smokers and nonsmokers. JAnalToxicol 2000;24:333-9. 3.Benowitz NL. Cotinine as a biomarker of environmental tobacco smoke exposure. Epidemiol Rev 1996;18:188-204. 4.NHANES: Laboratory methodology and public data files. 2009. (Accessed at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/labdoc.pdf.) 5.Matt GE, Quintana PJ, Hovell MF, et al. Households contaminated by environmental tobacco smoke: sources of infant exposures. Tob Control 2004;13:29-37. 6.Gurkan F, Kiral A, Dagli E, Karakoc F. The effect of passive smoking on the development of respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis.EurJEpidemiol 2000;16:465-8.

  32. References 7.Bradley JP, Bacharier LB, Bonfiglio J, et al. Severity of respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis is affected by cigarette smoke exposure and atopy. Pediatrics 2005;115:e7-14. 8.Leung GM, Ho L-M, Lam T-H. Secondhand smoke exposure, smoking hygiene, and hospitalization in the first 18 months of life. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine 2004;158:687-93. 9.Kitchens GG. Relationship of environmental tobacco smoke to otitis media in young children. Laryngoscope 1995;105:1-13. 10.Delpisheh A, Kelly Y, Rizwan S, Brabin BJ. Salivary cotinine, doctor-diagnosed asthma and respiratory symptoms in primary schoolchildren. Matern Child Health J 2008;12:188-93. 11.Mahid SS, Minor KS, Stromberg AJ, Galandiuk S. Active and passive smoking in childhood is related to the development of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007;13:431-8. 12.Weitzman M, Cook S, Auinger P, et al. Tobacco smoke exposure is associated with the metabolic syndrome in adolescents. Circulation 2005;112:862-9.

  33. References 13.Prandota J. Possible pathomechanisms of sudden infant death syndrome: key role of chronic hypoxia, infection/inflammation states, cytokine irregularities, and metabolic trauma in genetically predisposed infants. Am J Ther 2004;11:517-46. 14.Mannino DM, Moorman JE, Kingsley B, Rose D, Repace J. Health effects related to environmental tobacco smoke exposure in children in the United States: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2001;155:36-41. 15.Yolton K, Xu Y, Khoury J, et al. Associations between secondhand smoke exposure and sleep patterns in children. Pediatrics 2010;125:e261-8. 16.Tanaka K, Miyake Y, Arakawa M, Sasaki S, Ohya Y. Household smoking and dental caries in schoolchildren: the Ryukyus Child Health Study. BMC Public Health 2010;10:335. 17.Johnston BN, Preciado DA, Ondrey FG, Daly KA. Presence of otitis media with effusion and its risk factors affect serum cytokine profile in children. IntJ PediatrOtorhinolaryngol 2008;72:209-14. 18.Tebow G, Sherrill DL, Lohman IC, et al. Effects of parental smoking on interferon gamma production in children. Pediatrics 2008;121:e1563-9. 19.Strauss RS. Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Serum Vitamin C Levels in Children. Pediatrics 2001;107:540-2.

  34. References 19.Strauss RS. Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Serum Vitamin C Levels in Children. Pediatrics 2001;107:540-2. 20.Wilson KM, Finkelstein JN, Blumkin AK, Best D, Klein JD. Micronutrient levels in children exposed to second-hand tobacco smoke. Pediatrics 2010. 21.Kallio K, Jokinen E, Raitakari OT, et al. Tobacco smoke exposure is associated with attenuated endothelial function in 11-year-old healthy children. Circulation 2007;115:3205-12. 22.Yolton K, Dietrich K, Auinger P, Lanphear BP, Hornung R. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and cognitive abilities among U.S. children and adolescents. Environ Health Perspect 2005;113:98-103. 23. 2009. (Accessed at http://www.hud.gov/offices/pih/publications/notices/09/pih2009-21.pdf.) 24.Winickoff JP, Gottlieb M, Mello MM. Regulation of smoking in public housing. The New England journal of medicine 2010;362:2319-25. 25.Kraev TA, Adamkiewicz G, Hammond SK, Spengler JD. Indoor concentrations of nicotine in low-income, multi-unit housing: associations with smoking behaviours and housing characteristics. Tob Control 2009;18:438-44. 26. Wilson KM, Klein JD, Blumkin AK, Gottlieb M, Winickoff JP. Tobacco-Smoke Exposure in Children Who Live In Multiunit Housing. Pediatrics 2011;127:85-92.

  35. A Child’s Perspective

  36. Opportunities to get involved Engage… • Your state AAP/Medical chapter • Pediatricians in areas where smoke free multi-unit housing is being considered to frame as a child health issue • Colleagues representing other medical specialty societies

  37. Measurement of cotinine Can be measured in saliva, blood, urine, hair, nails Immunoabsorbance assays- typical limit of detection about 1-2 ng/mL Mass spectrometry- typical limit of detection of .015-.5 ng/mL

  38. Measurement of cotinine

  39. How important is it? How important an issue do you think secondhand smoke is for your patients? Not at all important Somewhat important Important, but we have so many things to address Very important Extremely important

  40. Questions? Smoke Free Multi-unit Housing: Moving From Research to Action

  41. Contact Information Richmond Center of Excellence website: http://www.aap.org/richmondcenter/ Richmond Center of Excellence email: richmondcenter@aap.org Join the Smokefree Housing Listserve: jbergman@tcsg.org and ask to join the listserve!

  42. At the conclusion of this activity, participants should be able to: • Describe the health impact of secondhand smoke in multi-unit housing. • Describe prevalence of exposure to secondhand smoke in multi-unit housing. • Describe the consequences of exposure to secondhand smoke.

  43. Background 18% of children ages 3-11 and 17% of those ages 12-19 are regularly exposed to secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) in the home 54% of children 3-11 and 47% of children 12-19 had detectable cotinine levels in the 2007-2008 NHANES 32 million children ages 3-19 with exposure Newer measurement techniques allow assessment of very low levels of exposure

  44. Measurement of cotinine Can be measured in saliva, blood, urine, hair, nails Immunoabsorbance assays- typical limit of detection about 1-2 ng/mL Mass spectrometry- typical limit of detection of .015-.5 ng/mL

  45. Free market at work Increasing pressure from tenants to restrict smoking in private multi-unit housing Landlords see increased costs for cleaning up smoking apartments, increased fire risks, and increased complaints from tenants Municipalities also banning smoking in multi-unit housing

  46. Objective To determine whether children who live in attached housing have higher cotinine levels than children who live in detached housing

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