1. Society People who interact in a defined territory and share a culture

2. Sociocultural Evolution Lenski argued that changes occur as societies gain more technology (p.90)

3. Hunting & Gathering Societies • Use simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation. • Generally live in small groups • Often nomadic • Women often responsible for the majority of work

4. Horticultural and Pastoral Societies • Horticulture refers to the use of hand tools to raise crops. • Adopted by those who lived in fertile areas • Simple tools might include a hoe and digging stick

5. Horticultural and Pastoral Societies • Pastoralism is the domestication of animals • Adopted by those who lived in dry or mountainous areas

6. Horticultural and Pastoral Societies • First time societies are able to have a surplus • Not everyone must work to provide food • Specialization occurs – trades, crafts, religion

7. Agrarian Societies • Agriculture is large-scale cultivation using plows harnessed to animals or more powerful energy sources. (p. 92) • “The Dawn of Civilization” • Could farm larger areas and create larger surpluses

8. Agrarian Societies • Even greater specialization • Money replaced barter system • Men became socially dominant • More life choices, hence great variation between agricultural societies

9. Industrial Societies • Industrialization is the production of goods using advanced sources of energy to drive machinery. (p. 94) • Gave people the power to change the environment • Change came faster than any other time in history

10. Industrial Societies • Took people out of the home, thus loosening familial bonds • Provide schooling for more people and greater political rights

11. Postindustrial Society