1. Applied Poultry Nutrition M.E. Persia Iowa State University

2. Digestive Anatomy • Beak no lips or teeth • Little insalivation • Few taste buds • Large eyes

3. Digestive Anatomy • Feed storage • Similar to checks in chipmunks • Similar to rumen • Why?

4. Crop – Feed Storage • Adaptation to feeding behavior Feeding Area Cover

5. Digestive Anatomy • Gizzard or Ventriculus • Mastication • Rough inner lining • Grit • Muscular grinding

6. Discussion Question Which diet would result in a larger gizzard and what are the productive consequences?

7. Digestive Anatomy • Paired • Relative size…

8. Relative Importance of the Hindgut Cecal/Colon Capacity % of Total Digestive Tract Horse 61.3 Ox 10.7 Sheep and Goats 12.7 Pigs 37.3 Dogs 14.4 Cat 15.9 Chicken 1.1 WHY?

9. Digestive Anatomy • Exit point for feces, urine and egg

10. What are Nutrients Used For? • Maintenance of life • Heat to maintain body temperature • Energy for vital body processes (including immune function) • Energy for movement • Nutrients to repair and renew cells and tissue • Important distinction no net gain or loss of body weight • Mostly energy – but also amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals • Factors affecting nutrient requirements • Exercise Weather Stress Health • Body size Temperament Production Individual variation

11. What are Nutrients Used For? • Growth (also called production or productive) • Increase in size of bones, muscles, internal organs etc… • Preferential growth vital organs grow faster, followed by muscle tissue (Schmidt et al, 2012)

12. Discussion Question Why would a younger animal (smaller) be more efficient?

13. Utilization of Energy Gross Energy Fecal Energy Digestible Energy Urinary Energy Metabolizable Energy Heat Increment Net Energy Net Energy Maintenance Net Energy Production