Critical Approaches to Internet Research

1. Critical Approaches to Internet Research Paul Aitken info@paulaitken.com

2. Wikipedia • Reliable or not? • Best practices. • Using the “discussion” and “history” pages

3. Technorati • Blog search • Authority v Popularity

4. Google • Effective searching • Using Google Scholar • Barriers to access

5. Google PageRank • “PageRank relies on the uniquely democratic nature of the web by using its vast link structure as an indicator of an individual page's value. In essence, Google interprets a link from page A to page B as a vote, by page A, for page B. But, Google looks at more than the sheer volume of votes, or links a page receives; it also analyzes the page that casts the vote. Votes cast by pages that are themselves "important" weigh more heavily and help to make other pages "important".”

7. FUTON Bias • “Full Text on Net” • “Journals that offer free access to users are likely to attract an even wider audience” • “Our study reveals that, although free FUTON journals comprise less than 10% of all journals, they all have statistically higher impact factors compared with “subscription FUTON” journals” • “Financial resources perhaps limit the ability of individual journals to be available free immediately after publication. Journals with higher impact factors are likely more reputable, have more funds, and are able to provide free FUTON and therefore improve their impact factor further” Murali, Narayana S., et al. (2004) “Impact of FUTON and NAA Bias on Visibility of Research” Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 79(8):1001-1006

8. Accuracy • Is there documentation to indicate the source of the information? There may be a link to the original source of the information. • Can you tell how well researched the information is? • Are criteria for including information offered? • Is there a bibliography or links to other useful sites? Has the author considered information on those sites or considered viewpoints represented there? • Is the information current? When was it updated? (You can check at the bottom for a "last revised" date and/or notice if there are numerous dead links on the site.) • Is there any indication of bias on the site? how do we determine this? • Does the site have any credentials such as being rated by a reputable rating group? If you see a high rating, is that because of the soundness of the content or the quality of the design? ( An attractive page is not a reason for accepting its information as reliable.)

9. Site Goals • What is the purpose of the site? To provide information? Advertise? Persuade? • Are the goals of the site clearly indicated? • Who is the intended audience? What are the things we look for in order to establish this? • Is there a lot of flash and colour and gimmicks to attract attention? Is that masking a lack of sound information or a blatant attempt to get you to do or buy something?

10. Access • How did you find the site? Were there links from reputable sites? From ads? • If you found the site through a search engine, that means only that the site has the words in the topic you are researching prominently placed or used with great frequency. • If you found the site by browsing through a subject directory, that may mean only that someone at that site registered it with that directory.

11. Internet as The Object of Research

12. Major Areas of Study • Privacy/Security • Authorship/Intellectual Property • Communities • Access • these are all interrelated: for instance, you can’t claim intellectual property over an online creation if you don’t have access to the web.

13. Community • “All communities larger than primordial villages of face-to-face contact (and perhaps even these) are imagined,” these communities “are to be distinguished, not by their falsity/genuineness, but by the style in which they are imagined.” -Benedict Anderson (1991)

14. Amy Jo Kim (2000) – Membership cycle in online communities • Peripheral (Lurker) – Observing the community and viewing content. • Inbound (Novice) – Just beginning to engage the community. Starts to provide content. • Insider (Regular) – Consistently adds to the community discussion and content. Interacts with other users. • Boundary (Leader) – Recognized as a veteran participant. Connects with regulars to make higher concepts ideas. Community grants their opinion greater consideration. The user has become recognized as a contributor to watch. • Outbound (Elder) – Leaves the community for a variety of reasons. Interests have changed. Community has moved in a direction that doesn’t agree with. Lack of time. User got a new job that takes up too much time to maintain a constant presence in the community.

15. Bridging/Bonding • Pippa Norris, building on Robert Putnam • Bridging – a community oriented outwards, forges new connections. • Bonding – focussed inwards, on common interest, fosters bonds in already existing community (can have negative external effects) • Norris – must view these as being on a continuum online.

16. Net Neutrality • For: government regulation of the Internet infrastructure to prevent exploitation for profit. Access is a public good. • Against: Free market is the only way to ensure technological advancement; regulation will hinder improvements in the infrastructure; Internet companies will profit from an infrastructure they don’t maintain

17. Authorship • Is there an author or organization clearly indicated? • If there's an author, go back to the questions listed above about authors and ask yourself how reputable this person is. • Can the author be contacted? Can you find an email address, institutional affiliation? • What can you find out about the author? • Use a search engine to search for an author's name. Also, search for phrases found in the work to see if the work has been published elsewhere on the web.

18. The Institution • If there is an organization sponsoring the page, what can you learn about the organization and who they are? • Does the organization take responsibility for what's on the site? • Does it monitor or review what's on the site? • Look at the address for the site. Does it end in .edu, indicating that it's an educational institution? If it has .gov, it should be fairly objective government-sponsored material. Addresses with .org are usually nonprofit organizations that are advocacy groups. • If the site has a .com address, it's most likely promoting or selling something.