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Ecology

“When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the universe.”. Ecology. The Web of Life. BIG Ideas in Biology. 11. Organisms on Earth interact and depend in a variety of ways on other living and nonliving things in their environment = Ecology.

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Ecology

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  1. “When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the universe.” Ecology The Web of Life

  2. BIG Ideas in Biology 11. Organisms on Earth interact and depend in a variety of ways on other living and nonliving things in their environment = Ecology

  3. Lung Cells Multicellular organisms must display levels of organization: 1. CELLS >>> 2. TISSUES >>> 3. ORGANS >>> 4. SYSTEMS = 5. ORGANISM

  4. Big Idea #5=differentiation

  5. 5. Organism =an individual living thing (frog) 6. Species = group of like organisms that can reproduce and produce a fertile offspring

  6. 7. Population = group of individuals of the same species living in one place

  7. 8. Communities = groups of many different populations living in one area

  8. 9. Ecosystem = all the different organisms and their physical environment both biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving like air and water)

  9. Biome- ecosystems with similar climate, biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) factors

  10. 10.Biosphere = is the region of our universe where organisms live (land, air and water)

  11. What’s the difference between the man and the rock? ROCKS: -not made up of cells… made up of only atoms and molecules MAN: -made up of cells and displays all levels of organization

  12. Population Dynamics: • All populations are dynamic they change in size and composition over time • What affects this: • Birth rate • Death rate or mortality rate • Life expectancy How do populations grow and what factors limit their growth?

  13. Limiting Factor = • Affects the well-being ofan organism • “Limits” the population • Ex: disease, accidents, hunting

  14. Carrying Capacity • Accounts for limiting factors • # of indivthe envirocan support over a long period of time • Birth rate= Death rate (growth stops)

  15. Species Interactions 5 major types of close interactions or symbiosis among different species: • Predation • Parasitism • Competition • Mutualism • Commensalism

  16. Symbiotic Relationship 1. Predation: • Attack mechanisms & defense mechanisms • Example: Snowshoe hare and lynx

  17. Attack mechanisms

  18. Defense mechanisms Stick bug: camouflage What Characteristic of Life? Peppered moth: camouflage

  19. Viceroy: mimicry Monarch: warning coloration

  20. What evolution process? Lo moth: deceptive looks Snake caterpillar: deceptive behavior

  21. Symbiotic Relationship 2. Parasitism: One species is harmed, while the other benefits… Example: parasite (tick), host (us), endo- or ecto- parasites Braconid Wasp Larvae on Hornworm Heartworms in Dog Heart

  22. Symbiotic Relationship 3. Competition: 2 or more species wanting the same limited resources Example: Multiple Predators One type of Prey (mouse)

  23. Symbiotic Relationship 4. Mutualism: both species benefit… Examples: Insects/birds and flowering plants

  24. Symbiotic Relationship 5. Commensalism: one organism benefits while the other is unharmed Example: Sea Anenome & Clownfish

  25. Other Ecology Vocab • Invasive species: any species that spreads widely and rapidly becomes the dominant species in the community • Chokes out native species • Few limiting factors • Niche: the way of life of a species; its place in an ecosystem

  26. “When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the universe.”

  27. What’s the relationship???? Oxygen Carbon dioxide

  28. If all of the lions on an African savanna were killed or removed, how do you think their absence might affect the other living things on the savanna?

  29. The savanna is an example of an ecosystem.Everything in an ecosystem is interconnected!!!!

  30. The Fall of Borneo • World Health Organization decided to use DDT to kill mosquitoes which carried malaria. • DDT also killed the wasp that ate the thatch-eating caterpillars. • Without the wasp the caterpillars multiplied and devoured the thatch roofs. • 100’s of thatch roof collapsed. • The DDT also landed on the cockroaches. • The cockroaches were eaten by the geckos/lizards. • The lizards got nerve damage and moved very slowly. • The slow moving geckos were then caught and eaten by the house cats. • The house cats died in large numbers due to the DDT. • Without the cats Borneo was overtaken by RATS. • The rats carried fleas which caused the PLAGUE killing more people than malaria ever would have done so.

  31. Natural Disturbances to Ecosystems: • Fire, landslide, hurricane, flood • Succession: some species can flourish immediately after & then are replaced by other species, etc. • Over time, composition of community changes

  32. 2 types of Succession: 1. Primary Succession • Community develops in an area where that did not support life before (ex: bare rock)

  33. 2 types of Succession: 2. Secondary Succession • Sequential replacement of species that follows a disruption of an existing community (ex: forest fire, farming, logging, mining)

  34. Energy…can be changed from one form to another but it cannot be created nor destroyed… Energy Flow

  35. BIG Ideas in Biology 6. Organisms obtain and use energy to carry out their life processes

  36. Energy Flow -troph=To Nourish (Food) Sun Autotroph Heterotroph Continuous Flow

  37. Types of Organisms in an Ecosystem: • Heterotrophs (Consumers): • -organisms that get energy by consuming and digesting food into useable molecules.

  38. Who is heterotrophic? -some bacteria -some protist -all fungi -all animals

  39. HeterotrophsMUST display a metabolism Metabolism = the rate of two chemical reactions required to breakdown food and use the food for energy and to make new materials High vs. Low

  40. Catabolism + Anabolism = Metabolism To put together to make new materials To breakdown/digest food

  41. Cellular respiration sugar + O2 ATP energy + CO2 + H2O + Heat Storage form of energy used by a cell to do “work” Break Down Sugar Glycolysis-metabolic process that “breaks down” carbohydrates & sugars creating ATP (energy)

  42. Types of Heterotrophs 1. Herbivores • eat ONLY plants • Ex. – Cows, Elephants, Giraffes

  43. Types of Heterotrophs 2. Carnivores – - eat ONLY meat • Ex. – Lions, Tigers, Sharks

  44. Types of Heterotrophs 3. Omnivores – -eat BOTH plants and animals • Ex. – Bears and Humans

  45. Types of Heterotrophs 4. Decomposers and Detrivores – -absorb any dead material and break it down into simple nutrients or fertilizers • Ex. – Bacteria and Mushrooms

  46. Types of Heterotrophs 5. Scavengers– -feed on the tissue of dead organisms (both plans and animals) • Ex. – Vultures, Crows, and Shrimp

  47. Autotrophs (Producers): • -organisms which make their own food through the process of photosynthesis • -convert light energy to chemical energy (sugar) Sun + CO2 +H2OC6H12O6 + O2

  48. Who is Autotrophic? -some bacteria -some protists -all plants

  49. What is made up of the following ingredients? • ½ bathtub full of oxygen • 50 glasses of water • ½ cup of sugar • ½ cup of calcium • 1/10 thimbleful of salt • A small pinch of assorted elements such as phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen, sulfur, magnesium and iron • 1 mystery item What is the mystery item???? ENERGY

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