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Design Factors/Site Plan

This guide explores essential design factors for building orientation to enhance energy efficiency. By positioning structures to maximize desirable features and minimize negatives, we can significantly improve heating, cooling, and lighting dynamics. It emphasizes the importance of solar orientation, room layout, and the use of overhangs and baffles to control sunlight and protect from harsh weather. The document highlights strategies inspired by Native American architecture and encourages the use of both active and passive solar designs to make the most out of local resources and climate conditions.

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Design Factors/Site Plan

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  1. Design Factors/Site Plan

  2. Orientation • Building should be positioned to maximize desirable features and minimize negative aspects • Energy Orientation • Solar Orientation • Room/Outdoor Area Locations • Overhang and Baffle Protection • Land/Shelter • Wind Control

  3. Energy Orientation • Local resources and climate have an affect on energy use – heating, cooling, and lighting • Native Americans building houses under the overhang of cliffs • Provided shade from the summer sun and protection from winter wind

  4. Energy Orientation • Fossil fuels are finite so energy efficient principles need to be used • Combustion of natural materials such as reclaimed wasted, wood or other organic materials • Require special equipment to heat/cool the home

  5. Solar designs • Active solar designs – Use of mechanical/electrical tools or devices to control the sun’s energy • Passive solar designs – Use of the sun’s power without mechanical/electrical tools or devices. Use design features and orientation of a building to gain control of the sun’s energy

  6. Solar Orientation • Sunlight angle changes from summer to winter as the earth revolves around the sun • Northern Hemisphere: South and West sides of a structure are warmer than the North and East sides, South being the warmest • Building should absorb southern heat in the winter and repel in the summer, also plan to provide natural sunlight

  7. Floor plans • Open floor plans and tall ceilings create cooler temperatures and increased ventilation • Closed floor plans and low ceilings typically increase temperatures

  8. Room layout • The function of the room as well as the season/time of day the room will be used should be considered when the layout is determined • Typically the dining room and kitchen should get sunlight early in the morning and then the living room should have light by afternoon

  9. Room layout • Kitchen and dining room on the south or east side of the house • Living room areas are placed on the south or west, receive late day rays of the sun • Sleeping area tends to be located on the North side of the building, provides greatest darkness in morning/evening and is also the coolest side

  10. Overhangs/baffles(shields) • Thought out to allow the max amount of sunlight and heat to enter the inside of a building during winter, opposite for summer • Edge of the overhang should be related to the height of the window

  11. Baffling and Louvers • Should be accomplished without blocking natural light

  12. Not all light can be blocked • Direct and indirect radiation through windows

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