10 th American History

1. 10th American History U.S. Cultural History

2. Vocabulary for the Word Wall • Culture: • The word culture, from the Latin colo, -ere, with its root meaning "to cultivate", generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activity significance. • "set of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features of society or a social group, and that it encompasses, in addition to art and literature, lifestyles, ways of living together, value systems, traditions and beliefs". • A common way of understanding culture sees it as consisting of three elements: • values - ideas about what in life seems important • norms - expectations of how people will behave in different situations • Artifacts - things, or material culture

3. Native Americans History • Conflicts with Native Americans • Government policies- removal, treaties, siezing of land and reservations. • Indian wars and massacres • Ghost Dance • End of Resistance and reservation life.

4. Mining, Ranching and Farming on the Great Plains • Mining Communities- business, vigilante justice and boomtowns • Ranching- open range, Long Horn cattle, Sheep ranching, Cattle drives and trails, barbed wire. • Farming • Homestead Act- 160 acres, 21 years old, 5 years. • Oklahoma Land Rush • Settlers- While, African Americans, Europeans, and Chinese. • Living on the plains- Weather, sod houses, new machinery, and Turners Frontier Thesis.

5. American Workforce History • 2nd Industrial Revolution • Rise of Big Business • Entrepreneurs, capitalism, laissez-faire, Social Darwinism • Corporations, Trusts and Monopolies • Tycoons- Rockefeller, Carnegie, Vanderbilt and Pullman for example. Captains of Industry or Robber Barons. • Mass marketing • Workers organize • Sherman Anti-Trust Act • Knights of Labor – 1st Unions • Strikes and violence- Railroad, Haymarket, Homestead, Pullman, etc. • AFL

6. Immigration History 1800-1910 • New Immigrants • Old Immigrants- 1800-1880- Northern and Western Europe • New Immigrants- 1880-1910- Southern and Eastern Europe as well as Japanese and Chinese. • Why did they come?- Economic, Political and Religious. • Ellis Island and Angel Island. • Prejudice against immigrants

7. Urban American Life • Different Classes- Wealthy, middle class and working class. • Tenements and Settlement Houses

8. Political Scandal and Reform • City Government- Scandal and Reform • Political Machines and Machine Bosses • Tammany Hall in New York- Boss Tweed • Credit Mobilier Scandal and President Grant • President Arthur and Civil Service Reform

9. Farmer’s Reform Movement • Late 1800’s crop prices falling, farm debt rising, costs rising; a need for farmers to organize. • Order of the Patron’s of Husbandry- National Grange • 1887- Interstate Commerce Act. • Populist Party- coalition of farmers, labor leaders and reformers. • Silver v. Gold issue

10. Segregation and Discrimination • Jim Crow Laws and Lynching • Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) = separate but equal. • Booker T. Washington • W.E.B. Du Bois and the N.A.A.C.P. • Other groups who face discrimination- • 1) Hispanic Americans • 2) Asian Americans • 3) Native Americans

11. Progressivism • Reforming Society • Progressives- reform movement • Muckrakers • Housing reforms • Civil rights • Workplace • National Child Labor • Limiting women’s workday • Minimum Wage laws. • Courts and Labor Laws- • 1905 - “Lochner v. New York”- supreme court did not allow 10 hour workday for bakers • 1908 - “Muller v. Oregon”- Supreme Court upheld law guaranting 10 hour workday for women. • “Bunting v. Oregon”- 10 hour workday for men in mills and factories. • The Triangle Shirtwaist fire • Unions- Industrial Workers of the World- unskilled • Reforming Government • City government- Commision system, Council-Manager system. • State Government- Electoral reforms, commissions on railroads, utilities, transportation, civil service and taxation • 17th Amendment- direct election of Senators. • Initiative, Referendom and \Recall.

12. Opportunities for Women • Education • Employment • Children’s Health and Welfare • Prohibition • WCTU- Women’s Christian Temperance Union. • Carrie Nation • 18th Amendment • 18th Amendment- Prohibition • Civil Rights- campaigning against poverty, segregation, lynchings and Jim Crowe Laws • Women’s Suffrage and Anti-Suffrage arguments

13. Reform- Late 1800’s and early 1900’s • Children’s health and welfare • Prohibition • Civil Rights and black women • Women’s Suffrage • Trust Busting and regulating big business • Consumer Protection • Environmental conservation • 19th Amendment- 1920 • Civil Rights under Roosevelt, Taft and Wilson- Brownsville Incident.

14. Imperialism • Cultural superiority over the under-developed (backward) nations. • Social Darwinism- brother’s keeper, social responsibility to “civilize” the less developed. • Desire to bring Christianity, western style culture and democracy to other (backward) peoples.

15. T.R. Roosevelt’s Square Deal • Coal Strike of 1902 and TR threatens to send in the troops • Each person to get a square deal no more, no less. • Limiting power of trusts, promote public health and safety and improve working conditions. • Trust Busting and Regulating the Railroads. • Protecting Consumers- Muckrakers, Meat Inspection Act, and Pure Food and Drug Act. • Environmental Conservation

16. Presidents’ Taft and Wilson • William H. Taft • Created Dept. of Labor • 16th Amendment- Income Tax • Wilson- New Freedom • Tariff, Banking, and Anti-Trust Reform • Women Gain the right to vote- 19th Amendment

17. Imperialism • Hawaii • Sugar interests- Sanford B. Dole • Bayonet constitution • King Kalakaua and Queen Liliuokalani • Annexation • Spanish-American War • Yellow Journalism • Jingoism • Philippines, annexation and rebellion • Roosevelt and Rough Riders • Anti-Imperialists • Spanish-American War

18. Homefront in World War I • Mobilizing the Economy • Regulating Industry • Regulating Food • Regulating Fuel • Supplying the troops • Mobilizing Workers • National War Labor Board • Women’s war efforts • African American movement and employment • Influenza Epidemic (Pandemic) • Winning American support • Committee on Public Information • Propaganda • Anti-German Feeling and American Patriotism • Limiting Antiwar Speech • Schenck v. United States (1919)- Supreme court limits freedom of speech.

19. Post War Havoc • 1918-1919 Pandemic- world wide influenza epidemic- killed 10 times more Americans than did WWI. • 1st Red Scare- rise of Bolsheviks, communism, fear, bombs, Palmer raids and deportation. • Labor Problems- Workers unhappy after WWI, Unions lost members and political power, and there were major strikes.

20. Limiting Immigration • Competition for jobs after WWI, and the Red scare caused anti-immigration feelings. • Nativists- mostly Protestant Christians and Labor leaders targeted new immigrants and asked for immigration restrictions. • Immigration control- National Origins Act, Nativism, KKK revival (native white supremacy) • Sacco and Vanzetti- Italian immigrants, anarchists, tried for murder or political ideas?

21. New Economic Era- 1920’s • Henry Ford- revolutionizes industry • Assembly line • Effect on Industry • competition helped the automobile industry grow. • Other industries learned- assembly line, productivity went up. • Welfare Capitalism- companies provide benefits to employees to promote worker satisfaction and loyalty. • Effect on Society • Demand is up for all types of products. • Boom in midwestern cities • Cities grew and so did suburbs- transportation • Tourist industry grew.

22. New Economic Era- 1920’s • New Consumer- • New Products for the home • Electricity • Radio connected the world • Public transportation, and passenger airlines. • Advertising created a deman • New ways of paying- credit and installment buying. • Weakness of Economy • Many American suffered during the 20’s • Farmers- demand was low, competition from Europe high, farm failures, debt, tariff, and nature- weather and insects. • The Nation desires to return to Normalcy

23. American Life Changes- 1920’s • New Roles for Women • Opportunities • New Family Roles • The Flapper • Effects of Urbanization • Conflicts over Values • Fundamentalism • Scopes Trial- Teaching of Evolution and Creation Science- Bryan and Darrow • Prohibition- 18th Amendment • Organized crime- like Al Capone • Bootleggers • Speakeasies • Harlem Renaissance • African Americans during and after WWI • W.E.B. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey • Renaissance of art in Harlem- writer, poets, artists, musicians and performers.

24. A New Popular Culture is born- 1920’s • Mass Entertainment • Radio • Movies • Era of Heroes • Film Stars- Charlie Chaplin, Rudolph Valentino, Clara Bow, Mary Pickford, and Douglas Fairbanks. • Charles A. Lindbergh- transatlantic flight. • Amelia Earhart- 1st women across the Atlantic, was lost trying to fly around the world. • Sports Heroes- Ruth, Grange, Wills, Jones, etc. • Arts of the 1920’s- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Sinclair Lewis, Edna St. Vincent Millay, Hemmingway, George Gershwin (music)

25. The Great Depression- 1930’s • Farm Failures • Unemployment • Hoovervilles and Hoboes • Dust Bowl and plight of the farmers- Okies and other migrants. • Cooperatives • Bonus Army and march on Washington

26. FDR and the New Deal • Fireside Chats and Eleanor Roosevelt • The First Hundred Days- relief, recovery and reform • Alphabet Soup legislation • Critics of New Deal- Sen. Huey P. Long, Father Charles Coughlin, Dr. Francis Townsend and the American Liberty League- conservatives who felt the New Deal was too expensive and went too far. • The Supreme Court also opposed some of the New Deal- AAA, NRA were unconstitutional.

27. FDR and the Second New Deal • Second 100 Days- Congress passed laws extending on banking, taxes, relief programs. • Emergency Relief- WPA • Social Security • Reviving Organized Labor- AFL and CIO and sit down strikes. • Rural Electricity

28. Life During the New Deal • New Roles for Women- Sec. of Labor and other Administration roles. Women still discriminated. • African Americans in the New Deal- “Black Cabinet”. • Dorothea Lange and others- writeres and photographers telling the story of the depression. • Movies of the 1930’s ($.25)- grand musicals, comedy, Walt Disney, King Kong, Wizard of Oz and Gone with the Wind. • Radio of the 1930’s- Music, sports, religion and other forms of entertainment.- Lone Ranger, Fibber McGee and Molly, War of the Worlds, and Swing music. Babe Ruth, Joe DiMaggio, Lou Gehrig, Babe Didrikson Zaharias, and Joe Louis. • Impacts of the New Deal • Relief, Recovery and Reform • Bigger government and more programs and agencies- shift from laissez-faire. • Fair Labor Standards Act 1938- $.25 minimum wage, 44 hour workweek, and time and ½, and age 14 to work outside school

29. Mobilizing for World War II • Finding Soldiers- Draft • Women and the Armed forces- WAVES, WACS, WASPS, WAAC, SPARS. • Women in industry 6.5 million workers- “Rosie the Riveter” doing a man’s job. • Labor- National War Labor Board • African American’s in the military and the workforce. • Hispanic Americans- Bracero Program- temporary work visa in U.S.

30. The Homefront during World War II • Conserving Food and other goods • Rationing- Office of Price Administration • Victory Garden • Scrap drives and limits on manu • War Production Board- get products and supplies to the military- Scrap drives and limits on manufacturers • Buying War bonds and stamps- $185 billion. • Increasing Income tax rates and revenues went up. • Winning support for the war • Office of War Information- propaganda • Hollywood- movies and entertainment • Barnette ruling- American’s can’t be forced to salute the flag. • Japanese Internment- Executive Order 9066

31. Life in America after World War II • 12 million men and women return to civilian life. • 1944- Servicemen’s Readjustment Act- “G.I. Bill”- College, loans, jobs, etc. • Labor Unions- want increased wages, Strikes went up. Taft-Hartly Act. • Racial Minorities- Truman wanted to expand their opportunities.

32. The Second Red Scare • Fear of Communism- Soviet Atomic weapons, and Communist China • H.U.A.C- Hollywood 10 and Alger Hiss • Truman’s Loyalty Checks • Smith Act • McCarran Act • Spy Cases- Hiss, Fuchs, and the Rosenbergs • Senator Joseph McCarthy

33. The Cold War • Eisenhower • End Korea and finish the peace talks. • Dulles and Brinksmanship- threats strong enough to bring about results. • Dulles and Massive Retaliation- pledge to use overwhelming force to settle a serious conflict. • American Civil Defense • Bomb shelters and Nuclear fallout • FCDA- Civil Defense, duck and cover, air raid sirens, and tests.

34. The Television Age • Television changes American Life • TV and politics • Television advertising • Programming • Concerns • Technological developments of 50’s- transistors, computers, and vaccines. • Cultural Change in 50’s • Boomtimes- Baby boomers, new machines for homes, automobiles, and “affluent society”. • New Communities- Levitowns’ and Sunbelt • New Highways- Interstate Highway system- America on the move. • Rebellion in the movies- James Dean, Marlon Brando and Elvis.

35. Great Society - LBJ • War on Poverty • VISTA • Job Corps • Reducing Taxes • Medicare and Medicaid • Highway Beautification Act • Supreme Court Decisions and criminal rights. (Miranda Rights)

36. The Civil Rights Movement • Prior to 1954 • Plessy v. Ferguson • NAACP • Depression- blacks last hired and first fired. • 1940’s- no discrimination in defense plants, CORE founded, desgregation of Armed forces and Jackie Robinson. • Several court cases and some sucesses

37. The Civil Rights Movement • After 1954 • Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas • Little Rock 9 • Montgomery Bus Boycott and Rosa Parks. • Martin Luther King Jr., SCLC and non-violence. • Sit-ins and Freedom Rides and SNCC • Federal Intervention • Integrating Higher Education- James Meredith and University of Mississippi; Governor Wallace blocking students at the University of Alabama. • Albany and Birmingham • Civil Rights Act of 1964 • March on Washington Aug. 28, 1963- King’s “I have dream” speech • Assasination of Medgar Evers- Mississippi NAACP • Voting rights- Registering voters, 24th Amendment, Freedom Summer, three civil rights workers killed in Mississippi. March from Selma to Montgomery. Voting Rights Act of 1965 • Black Power, Black Panthers, Black Muslims and Malcolm X, Assassination of Martin Luther King • Civil Rights Act of 1968

38. The Anti-War Movement • The Draft • The Media’s Impact • Hawks and Doves • Movement- students, civil rights workers, doctors, homemakers, retirees and teachers. College campuses- anti-war rallies and debates. A small number at first. • SDS- Students for a Democratic Society • Protest- Signs, demonstrations, burned draft cards and American Flags. • Democratic national convention of 1968- violence and the assassination of RFK. • Campus protests- violence, ROTC, Kent State, college shutdowns. • 1969 Washington protest; 1971 Vietnam Veterans Against the War in Washington. • Weathermen • My Lai Massacre • Pentagon Papers.

39. 1963-1975- Time of Social Change • Revival of the women’s movement- experiences at work, home, • Betty Freidan and The Feminine Mystique- raising consciousness. • NOW and Feminism • ERA and Phyllis Schlafly • Roe-v. Wade

40. 1963-1975- Time of Social Change • Native Americans- • Living conditions • Termination • Indian Movement • Occupying Alcatraz • AIM- Occupying Bureau of Indian Affairs and Wounded Knee. • Red Power- control over their own natural resources, education, protect their rights and improve their standards of living.

41. 1963-1975- Time of Social Change • Latinos fight for rights • Poverty, unemployment, low paying unskilled jobs. • Struggle for Social justice • Cesar Chavez and the National Farm Workers Association- Grape Boycott • Chicanos- Mexican Americans • Alianza • Crusade for Justice • MAYO • La Raza Unida Party- united people • Brown Berets • Boricua Movement- ethnic pride for Puerto Ricans • Cuban Americans

42. Culture and Counterculture • 1960’s Counterculture, hippies, turning on the “establishment”. • Student Activism- college campuses, free speech movement. • Life in the counterculture- live simple and do your own thing. • Haight-Ashbury in San Francisco • Rural Communes to “drop out” • Hippie culture- religion, drugs, freedom, clothing, hair, and “flower children”. • Summer of Love- 1967 in San Francisco. • Decline- no means of support, lack of rules cause conflicts, and attracted sinister characters (Charles Manson) • Mainstream reaction- objected to disrespectful, uncivilized, and threatening. Society unraveling- “All in the Family”. • Legacy- Attitudes, Art (Pop Art), Film, and music (Bob Dylan and Woodstock)

43. 1980’s America in low spirits • Lack of confidence in government • Watergate • Soviet Invasion of Afghanstan • Iran Hostage Crisis • Energy crisis and long gas lines. • A growing conservative movement opposed to liberal social and racial policies, abortion rights, forced busing, welfare and affirmative action. • The New Right- under President Reagan. • Wanted to reverse some liberal policies- they endorsed school prayer, lower taxes, deregulation, small gov’t, strong military and teaching of the Bible.

44. Changes and Challenges in American Society • Milestones for Women • More women voting in 1980’s- mostly democratic • Sandra Day O’Connor- 1st woman supreme court justice. • Geraldine Ferraro- 1st woman Vice-President candidate. • Changes in Immigration Laws- increased limits and legal status. Tough on Employers. • Courts and Social Issues- School searches, equal access on school grounds to student religious groups, abortion rights and removal of life support. • AIDS- (HIV) • No Child Left Behind- 2001 • Sept. 11, 2001 and Homeland Security

45. America’s Changing Face- 2000- Today • Population of tomorrow • Regional Changes- South and western growth. • Graying Population- Baby Boomers 2946-1964 • Technology • Computers and Internet • Agriculture and genetic engineering • Exploration- space • Health and Health Care • Energy and the Environment • Natural Disasters and FEMA