chapter7 cargo insurance

1. chapter7 cargo insurance

2. INTRUDUCTION In international trade, there are a number of risks, which，if they occur, will involve traders in financial 1osses, For instance cargoes in transit may be damaged due to breakage of packing, clash or fire etc. These hazards, and many others, may be insured against. Every year, a certain amount of cargo was destroyed or damaged by perils of the sea in transit, but whichever particular cargo it would be it can not be anticipated.

3. INTRUDUCTION • All cargo owners take the risk of loss through the perils. However, foreign traders can insure themselves against many of these risks. Based on the principle that the fortunate helps the unfortunate, the industry of insurance has been developed to overcome these financial losses.

4. INTRUDUCTION • When actual losses occur, cargos may not be recovered physically. However, the financial interests of the seller and the buyer are protected by the insurance.

5. 保险实质 　　保险是一种经济补偿的手段，以概率论和大数定律为依据收取保险费，集中具有同一危险的多数单位的资金，建立保险金，利用“分散危险，分摊损失”的办法，对少数参加者（被保险人）由于特定灾害事故所造成的损失进行经济补偿，或对人身伤害给付保险金．

6. Marine Insurance

7. 1. instruction • At present, according to the different transportation methods, there are ocean marine transportation insurance, overland transportation insurance, air transportation insurance and parcel post transportation insurance in our country.

8. 1. instruction • Among all these, ocean marine transportation insurance is mostly and widely used in international trade practical business. The ocean marine transportation insurance is also the first used insurance and so has the longest history among the all.

9. 2. Definition • Marine insurance is defined as a contract of insurance whereby the insurance in return for premium collected undertakes to indemnify the insured in a manner（一定程度） and to the extent thereby agreed, against marine losses, that is to say, the losses incidental（附属）to marine adventure.

10. 2. Definition • Such insurance involving the marine conveyance of cargo from one country to another is, then, marine cargo insurance, which is seen as an indispensable adjunct（必不可少的部分） to foreign trade.

11. 2. Definition • However, the term “marine insurance” is somewhat misleading because the contract of marine insurance can, by agreement of the parties of the trade, be extended so as to protect the insured against losses on inland waters or land which are incidental to the sea voyage.

12. 3. risk, loss and coverage • According to the loss or damage caused by risks included in different coverage and the expenses involved, the insurance company is responsible for indemnifying the insured goods. Obviously, risk, loss and coverage are closely related to each other.

13. 3. risk, loss and coverage • By purchasing insurance, the assured protects interests against three things the risk of loss the actual loss the expenses incurred to avoid or reduce loss.

14. Risks

15. 海洋运输货物保险保障的风险 海上风险 外来风险 自然灾害 意外事故 一般外来风险 特殊外来风险

16. 1. introduction • While the cargo traveling to another country, it is likely to encounter various perils which may cause the goods to suffer loss of one kind or another.

17. 2. Kinds of perils • Marine risks in connection with cargo in transit can be classified into two types: perils of the sea and extraneous risks. • Perils of the sea are caused by natural calamities and fortuitous accidents; • the latter, by various extraneous reasons, including general extraneous risks and special extraneous risks.

18. 1). Perils of the sea 海上风险 • (1) Natural calamities: 自然灾害 • (2) Fortuitous accidents: 意外事故

19. (1)Natural calamities: 自然灾害 • They are caused by the forces resulting from the changes of nature, e.g., vile weather, thunder, lightning, thunderstorm, tsunami（海啸）, earthquake, flood, etc. These events should be exceptional to some extent and ordinary action of the wind and waves are not considered natural calamities.

20. (2)Fortuitous accidents: 意外事故 • They include accidents resulting from unexpected causes, the carrying conveyance being grounded, stranded, fire, or in collision with floating ice or other objects, as well as fire or explosion.

21. attention • All the perils must occur at sea and must be because of sea; otherwise, they are not covered by the insurance. For example, there is no coverage for loss that occurs because of the willful misconduct（故意的违法行为） of the insured.

22. 2). extraneous risks • (1) general extraneous risks is also called ordinary risks, such as theft, pilferage, rain damage, shortage, breakage, sweating and heating, intermixture and contamination, odor, hook damage, breakage of packing, rusting, etc. • (2) special risks such as strike, war, failure to deliver, etc.

23. Natural Calamities Perils of the Sea Fortuitous Accidents Perils General ～ Extraneous risks Special ～

24. 海上风险 海上风险（perils of the sea）又称海难。一般是指船舶或货物在海上航行中发生的或随附海上运输所发生的风险，包括自然灾害和意外事故； 外来风险（extraneous risks）是指由于海上风险以外的其他外来原因引起的风险，可分为一般外来风险和特殊外来风险。

25. 海上风险 自然灾害：不以人的意志为转移的自然界破坏力量所引起的灾害。如恶劣气候、雷电、海啸、地震、洪水、火山爆发、浪击落海等，这些灾害在保险业务中都有其特定的含义。 意外事故：由于偶然的，难以预料的原因造成的事故，如船舶搁浅、触礁、沉没、焚毁、互撞或遇流冰或其他固体物体，如与码头碰撞以及失火、爆炸等原因造成的事故。

26. 恶劣气候：也叫暴风雨，引起船只颠簸、倾斜造成船体、机器设备的损坏恶劣气候：也叫暴风雨，引起船只颠簸、倾斜造成船体、机器设备的损坏 沉没：船体的全部或大部分已经没入水面以下，并失去继续航行的能力 搁浅：船底同海底或浅滩保持一定时间的固定状态。 触礁：船舶在航行中，船身擦过或碰过水中的礁石或其他障碍物仍继续前进的情况。

27. 碰撞：船舶与其他船或固定的或流动的物体猛力接触。碰撞：船舶与其他船或固定的或流动的物体猛力接触。 • 失踪：船舶在航行中失去联络，音讯全无，达到一定时间，仍无信息。

28. 外来风险 一般外来风险是指被保险货物在运输途中由于偷窃提货不着、淡水雨淋、短量、玷污、渗漏、破碎、受潮受热、串味、生锈、钩损、包装破裂等一般外来原因所造成的风险损失。（11种） 特殊外来风险是指由于战争、罢工、交货不到、拒收、进口关税、舱面、黄曲霉素、存仓火险等特殊外来原因所造成的风险损失。（8种）

29. Losses

30. 1. losses • 1) Total loss 全部海损 • (1) Actual Total Loss: 实际全损 • (2) Constructive Total Loss: 推定全损 2) Partial loss 部分海损 (1) General Average: 共同海损 (2) Particular average: 单独海损

31. 1) Total loss 全部损失 (1) Actual Total Loss: It means that the insured subject matter is totally and irretrievably lost不可避免的损失. • It is classified into 2 kinds: (2)Constructive Total Loss: It is estimated that the actual total loss of cargo is inevitable or the cost of salvage or recovery could have exceed the value of the cargo.

32. 全部损失 1. 实际全损 实际全损是指被保险货物完全灭失或完全变质，或者货物实际上已不可能归还被保险人而言的损失。 (1)保险标的物完全灭失。 (2)保险标的物已丧失商业价值或失去原有用途。 (3)被永久剥夺所有权。船舶失踪，达到一定时期，半年仍无音讯，则可视为全部灭失。

33. 全部损失 2. 推定全损 指货物发生保险事故后，认为实际全损已经不可避免，或者为避免发生实际全损所需支付的费用与继续将货物运抵目的地的费用之和超过保险价值的损失。

34. 全部损失 在推定全损的情况下，被保险人获得的损失赔偿有两种情况：一种是被保险人获得全损的赔偿；另一种是被保险人获得部分损失的赔偿。 若想获得全损的赔偿，被保险人必须无条件地把保险货物委付给保险人。（提出委付）

35. 委付(Abandonment) 委付(Abandonment)是指被保险人在保险标的处于推定全损状态时，向保险人声明愿意将保险标的的一切权益，包括财产权及一切由此而产生的权利与义务转化给保险人，而要求保险人按全损给予赔偿的一种行为。若被保险人不办理委付而保留对残余货物的所有权，则保险人将按部分损失予以赔偿。 保险人有权决定是否接受。但不管是否接受都得全部赔偿。

36. 2) Partial loss 部分海损 • (1) Particular average: 单独海损 • (2) General Average: 共同海损

37. average • The word average has a special meaning in cargo insurance, It means partial loss or non-total loss to a ship or cargo. partial loss in turn means: • 1) total loss of part of the insured cargo or; 2) damage of or the part of the insured cargo.

38. (1) Particular average • It means that a particular cargo is damaged by any cause and the degree of the damage does not reach a total loss, i.e., only a partial loss, which shall be borne by the owner of this individual consignment.

39. (2) General Average: • It refers to a certain special sacrifice and extra expense intentionally incurred for the general interests of the ship owner, the insurer, and the owners of the various cargoes abroad the ship.

40. In another word, A general average must be a partial, deliberate and reasonable sacrifice of the ship, freight, or goods, undertaken for the common safety of the adventure in time of peril and /or extraordinary expenditure(临时费用) with the like object such as the charge for towing a stranded ship.

41. DIFFERENCE1 • Particular average means a loss that is borne solely by the owner of the lost property (ship or cargo) • general average means a sacrifice made for the common safety of both the cargo and the ship.

42. for instance • Partial damage of cargo by sea water is a particular average. • partial damage of cargo by water that has been used to put out a fire is general average since the damage has been made in order to save both the ship and the cargo on board the ship of all the cargo owners, (Of course, the damage caused by the fire is still a particular average.)

43. DIFFERENCE2 • Particular average is recoverable from the insurance underwriter if it has been covered; • general average is spread among the interests affected and all including owners whose property doe not sustain a loss must make proportionate contributions, which are then recoverable from the insurance underwriter.

44. 案例分析 • 1.船长认为装有树脂的货仓内冒烟便认为是有火情，于是命令灌注蒸汽进船，但是船到目的地后发现舱内并没有着火的迹象，由蒸汽造成的损失是否属于共同海损？ • 2.某船触礁后严重渗漏，船方决定立即进坞修理，但潮水并不适宜立即进坞，因为可能会造成码头的损坏。但后来船方为了摆脱沉没的危险不得不强制进码头，最后造成了码头的损坏，这是否属于共同海损？

45. 案例分析 • 3.某船因为事故造成螺旋桨损坏，为了修船，船不得不倾斜其位置，船上不少冷藏货，因为岸上没有冷库，无法卸岸后再修船，由于船体倾斜造成货物积压损坏。这种损坏是否属于共同海损？

46. 部分损失 • 单独海损是指除共同海损以外的意外损失，即由于承保范围内的风险所直接导致的船舶或货物的部分损失。该损失仅由各受损者单独负担。这种损失只是使该公司一家的利益遭受影响，跟同船所装的其它货物的货主和船东利益并没有什么关系，因而就属于单独海损。

47. 部分损失 • 2、共同海损 • 共同海损是指载货的船舶在海上遇到灾害或者意外事故，威胁到船、货等各方的共同安全，为了解除这种威胁，维护船货安全，或者使航程得以继续完成，由船方有意识地、合理地采取措施，所作出的某些特殊牺牲或支出某些额外费用，这些损失和费用叫共同海损。

48. 部分损失 • 构成共同海损须具备以下条件： • 共同海损的危险必须是实际存在的，或者是不可避免地产生的，而不是主观臆测的； • 必须是主动有意采取的行为； • 必须是为船货共同安全而采取谨慎的合理的措施； • 必须是属非常性质的损失。

49. 常见共同海损的类型 • 1.为船货共同安全，减轻船重，防止船舶沉没，将部分货物或船舶设备抛入海中； • 2.为急于抛弃货物，在船边或舱面开凿洞口，使船身、甲板等遭受的损失； • 3.为扑灭船上火灾，灌浇海水、淡水或化学灭火剂造成船或货的损失；

50. 常见共同海损的类型 • 4.采取紧急的人为搁浅措施造成船或货的损失； • 5.为使船舶搁浅后能重新起浮，过度开动船上机器造成机器损坏。 • 6.船舶遇到意外事故后支付其他船的救助报酬。