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Second Semester Overview

Second Semester Overview. 1935-2013. Topics We Will Cover This Semester. World War II The atomic bomb The Cold War 1950s Youth Culture Conformity in the 1950s Civil Rights Movement Space Race Non-conformity in the 1960s Equality movements Stagnation in the 1970s Environmentalism

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Second Semester Overview

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  1. Second Semester Overview 1935-2013

  2. Topics We Will Cover This Semester • World War II • The atomic bomb • The Cold War • 1950s Youth Culture • Conformity in the 1950s • Civil Rights Movement • Space Race • Non-conformity in the 1960s • Equality movements • Stagnation in the 1970s • Environmentalism • Ending the Cold War • Modern History

  3. World War II Begins

  4. How The Great War Caused WWII 1918-1939

  5. Treaty of Versailles Review: True or False? • Largely designed by Great Britain, France, Italy, and the U.S. • The Treaty was designed to create a “just and lasting peace” • Austria-Hungary officially blamed for the war • Germany stripped of its military • Central Powers stripped of their territories • Germany required to pay reparations • Created a “general association of nations” that would protect “great and small states alike” • Was a cause of German hyperinflation after the war

  6. 1. Largely designed by Great Britain, France, Italy, and the U.S.

  7. 2. The Treaty was designed to create a “just and lasting peace”

  8. 3. Austria-Hungary officially blamed for the war

  9. 4. Germany stripped of its military

  10. 5. Central Powers stripped of their territories

  11. 6. Germany required to pay reparations

  12. 7. Created a “general association of nations” that would protect “great and small states alike”

  13. 8. Was a cause of German hyperinflation after the war

  14. Hitler Defies the Versailles Treaty • Adolf Hitler announced that he would not obey the Treaty’s limitation of the German army. • The League of Nations issued a mild condemnation. • Adolf Hitler threatened to invade Austria unless Austrian Nazis were given important government posts. • The League of Nations issued a mild condemnation. • In March 1938, Hitler announced the unification of Austria and Germany • The League of Nations issued a mild condemnation. • Hitler claimed the Sudetenland (an area of Czechoslovakia with a large German-speaking population).

  15. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain Europe’s Response to Hitler • Britain, France, Germany, and Italy met in Munich, Germany to solve the Czechoslovakia crisis • The Munich Pact: An agreement among the major powers of Europe to permit Hitler’s annexation of the Sudetenland, and essentially control over the rest of Czechoslovakia as long as Hitler promised to go no further • Appeasement: giving in to an aggressor to keep peace Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do business with.

  16. March 12, 1938 - Hitler annexes Austria • September 30, 1938 - Hitler claims the Sudetenland • March 15, 1939 - Hitler claims control over Czechoslovakia • September 1, 1939 – Hitler invades Poland Hitler gets Greedy

  17. Hitler Makes Friends (Yes, even genocidal megalomaniacs have friends… sorta) • Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact: Hitler and Stalin sign an agreement stating that neither will attack the other in the event of war • Hitler wants to avoid a two-front war • Stalin knows his country is not ready to defend itself against the German military • Rome-Berlin Axis: a military alliance between Italy and Germany in 1939 under the “Pact of Steel” • Tripartite Pact: a military alliance between Germany, Italy, and Japan in September 1940; created the Axis powers

  18. The War Begins! • Britain and France declare they WILL have war with Germany if the Germans don’t withdraw from Poland immediately. • Based on Germany’s experience with countries like Britain and France what do you think will happen? • Germany does not withdraw. In fact, they ignore the British and refuse to answer them. • Britain declares war on September 3rd, 1939. • Phony War: Not much happens between the invasion of Poland and April, 1940. Both sides are prepping for war.

  19. A line of concrete fortifications, tank obstacles, artillery casemates, machine gun posts, and other defenses, which France constructed along its borders with Germany and Italy, in light of its experience in World War I. • It would provide time for their army to mobilize in the event of attack. Maginot Line

  20. (Maginot Line) If you were Hitler, what would be your strategy for invading France?

  21. The Blitz!

  22. “Blitzkrieg” • In German blitzkrieg means “lightning war”. • Blitzkrieg included surprise attacks, rapid advances into enemy territory, and massive air attacks that struck and shocked the enemy. • Germany achieved most of its victories in World War II with the Blitzkrieg tactic.

  23. The Invasion of France • Germany bypasses the Maginot Line by marching through Belgium. • France surrenders in 39 days. • Germany takes over the North and Western parts of France and sets up it’s own “French” government (Vichy Government), leaving the Free France government in the South. • The French Resistance was led by Charles DeGaulle

  24. American “Neutrality” Picking sides without actually picking sides

  25. Post-war America • Because the U.S. entered the Great War so late, they were the only major nation to make it out with a stable economy. • The Roaring 20’s solidified America’s place as the most powerful nation in the world. • The Great Depression tanked the U.S. economy, and the effects were felt worldwide. • America retreated into isolationism – the policy of isolating one's country from the affairs of other nations and seeking to devote all the country’s efforts to its own advancement.

  26. American Neutrality • Neutrality Acts: A series of acts that officially stated America’s neutrality in the rising European conflict in an attempt to ensure that the US would not become entangled again in foreign conflicts like WWI. • Problems: They made no distinction between aggressor and victim, treating both equally as "belligerents"; and they limited the US government's ability to aid Britain and France against Nazi Germany.

  27. Britain Remains Defiant • Great Britain stands alone against Germany in Europe; Hitler thought that Britain would negotiate peace after France surrendered • He did not anticipate the bravery of the British people and their prime minister, Winston Churchill.

  28. Battle of Britain

  29. Battle of Britain

  30. The London “Tube”: Air Raid Shelters During the Blitz

  31. Britain Remains Defiant • The German Luftwaffelaunched an all-out air battle to destroy the British Royal Air Force, who was greatly outnumbered. • The British had radar stations and were able to detect incoming German aircraft and direct British fighters to intercept them. • Hitler is eventually forced to give up

  32. Just remember...

  33. American Neutrality is Tested • After seeing its long-time ally attacked by Nazi forces, America’s neutrality quickly dissolved. • Cash-and-Carry: allowed the sale of material to belligerents, as long as the recipients arranged for the transport using their own ships and paid immediately in cash, assuming all risk in transportation • Destroyers-for-Bases: transferred fifty mothballed destroyers from the United States Navy in exchange for land rights on British possessions

  34. American Neutrality is Tested • Lend-Lease Act: the United States of America supplied the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, China, Free France, and other Allied nations with material between 1941 and 1945. The terms of the agreement provided that the material were to be used until time for their return or destruction. • Atlantic Charter: A treaty of friendship signed by Roosevelt and Churchill in August 1941, it stated the ideal goals of the war. • Fashioned after Wilson’s 14 Points. • The agreement proved to be one of the first steps towards the formation of the United Nations

  35. Japan Seeks an Empire The events that bring America into the war

  36. Imperial Japan • The Emperor of Japan had ultimate control over the government, with the Prime Minister, Parliament, and the military beneath his authority. • Citizens lost faith in the Japanese government during the Depression • Militarists took control of the country, but kept Hirohito as a symbol of power for citizens. • Military leaders sought to increase Japan’s economy through foreign expansion. Emperor Hirohito

  37. Japan Seeks An Empire • Four years after invading Manchuria, Japan invades China • Despite being severely outnumbered (China had over 1 million troops), Japan wins due to better equipment and training. • In 1931, Japan attacked Manchuria in an attempt by the to gain control over the whole province, and eventually encompass all of East Asia. • Japan held major interests in Manchuria (iron, coal)

  38. Japan Seeks An Empire • Rape of Nanking: A six-week period following the Japanese capture of the city of Nanking, in which hundreds of thousands of civilians were murdered, and 20,000–80,000 women were raped by soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army. • Civilians were shot, beheaded, buried alive, etc. • These events swung public opinion in the West sharply against Japan, which prompted the United States to provide loan assistance for war supply contracts to the Republic of China. • After Japan invaded Vietnam, the United States halted shipments of airplanes, parts, machine tools, and oil to Japan; this was perceived by Japan as an unfriendly act.

  39. Pearl Harbor: the US joins the war • December 7, 1941

  40. “A date which will live in infamy” America enters the war

  41. The “Surprise” attack on Pearl Harbor • October, 1940 • The US cracks one of the codes Japan was sending, and was well aware of Japan’s plans for Southeast Asia • If they succeeded, they could threaten American –controlled Guam and the Philippines. • The US cuts off oil supplies to Japan • In response, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto called for an attack on the US

  42. Oahu, 1940

  43. The Attack • Intended as a preventive action to remove the US Pacific Fleet as a factor in the war Japan was about to wage against Britain, the Netherlands, and the United States. • No declaration of war was given. • Just before 8 am, December 7, 1941, The naval base at Pearl Harbor on the island of Oahu was attacked.

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