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Japanese Security Policy during the Cold War

Japanese Security Policy during the Cold War. Dependence on the U.S.: Yoshida doctrine; “comprehensive security”/economic security. Japan-U.S. Security Treaty (1951). Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between Japan and the U.S.A. (“revised Security Treaty,” 1960).

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Japanese Security Policy during the Cold War

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  1. Japanese Security Policy during the Cold War • Dependence on the U.S.: • Yoshida doctrine; “comprehensive security”/economic security. • Japan-U.S. Security Treaty (1951). • Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between Japan and the U.S.A. (“revised Security Treaty,” 1960). • Korean & Vietnam Wars. • Japan’s $5 bil./year “sympathy budget” to U.S. • Aversion to the use of force. • “Culture of anti-militarism” (T. Berger); “norm of non-violence” (P. Katzenstein); public opinion. • Article 9 of the Constitution (1947): “…forever renounce war as a sovereign right of nation…”. (Hughes, p. 727) • Institutionalized in state structure: Japan Defense Agency (JDA); MOFA; METI; MOF (fiscal discipline).

  2. Japanese Security Policy during the Cold War • Self-Defense Forces (SDF): strong relationship w. U.S. • 1 percent/GNP ceiling on defense spending (1.004% in ’87). • Arms export ban (partially relaxed for U.S.); Three Non-Nuclear Principles (No possession, production, imports). • Development of significant military capabilities: • Response to the Soviet military buildup in the Pacific the 1970s. • MSDF: battleship groups; P-3 maritime patrol aircraft; submarines; amphibious assault ships. • ASDF: F-15J; well-trained pilots.

  3. Japanese Security Policy after the Cold War • The “Gulf War trauma” (1991): • $13 billion: criticized as “checkbook diplomacy.” • North Korea (Samuels): • 1st Nuclear Crisis (1993-4): Japan said support of U.S. military operations would be “unconstitutional.” • Missiles: Aug. ’98(Taepodong); Oct. ’06. • “Suspicious ships” in Japan’s territorial waters: (Mar. ’99, Dec. ’01). • Abduction of Japanese citizens: 5 returned, still many unresolved). • PM Koizumi’s visits to Pyongyang (Sept. ’02; May ’04).

  4. Japanese Security Policy after the Cold War • China (Kitaoka, Samuels): • Repeated underground nuclear tests; foreign aid suspension (’95-’97). • Taiwan Straits Crisis (Mar. ’96): Fear of entrapment; protection of sealanes. • Senkaku/Diaoyutai: natural gas & oil deposits. • Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ). • “History problem”: Jiang-Obuchi Summit (Nov. ’98); Koizumi’s repeated visits to the Yasukuni Shrine; • Abe’s “strategic ambiguity,” Abe-Hu summit in Oct. ’06. • Japan’s economic stagnation and fear of “Japan passing” or “Japan nothing” (compare with “Japan bashing”): President Clinton’s visit to China (June ’98).

  5. Contemporary Developments in the U.S.-Japan alliance • “Regionalization” of the alliance: • Clinton-Hashimoto Security Declaration (Apr. ’96). • Revision of the Japan-U.S. Defense Guidelines (’97): Situational, not geographical definition of security interests: “situations in areas surrounding Japan.” • Security Consultative Committee (SCC, or “2+2”) in Feb. ’05: Taiwan as a common strategic interest. • Japan and the “War on Terror”: • For wartime situations, ad hoc laws. • Anti-Terrorism Special Measures Law (Oct. ’01): MSDF’s refueling operations; current LDP-DPJ standoff. • GSDF: civilian, humanitarian mission in Samawah (’04-’06). • ASDF: Iraq Special Measures Law; airlift operations in Iraq;

  6. Contemporary Debate • Constitutional revision: • 2/3 vote in both HR & HC; then majority by referendum. • National voting law passed (May ’07). • LDP’s proposal (C. Hughes, p. 737). • U.S.-Japan security cooperation (McCormack, p. 74): • GSDF rapid reaction force & U.S. Army in Camp Zama; ASDF & USAF headquarters in Yokota; Japan will pay $6 billion to move U.S. marine corp to Guam. • Joint development and deployment of missile defense. • Nuclear weapons: • High diplomatic costs of leaving the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT). • Credibility of the U.S. nuclear umbrella. • Nuclear energy program & reprocessed plutonium.

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