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Xerophthalmia - A Must-Know for FMGE Exam

Master key insights into risk factors, visual signs, clinical relevance, and treatment strategies for xerophthalmiau2014everything you need to excel in the FMGE exam and clinical practice.

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Xerophthalmia - A Must-Know for FMGE Exam

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  1. #DIBS BY NEXTILLO DAILY INFORMATION BULLETIN SERVICE XEROPHTHALMIA NEXTILLO.COM

  2. #DIBSBYNEXTILLO DAILY INFORMATION BULLETIN SERVICE Xerophthalmia refers to a group of eye conditions caused by a deficiency of vitamin A. The common cause is inadequate dietary intake of vitamin A NEXTILLO.COM

  3. #DIBSBYNEXTILLO DAILY INFORMATION BULLETIN SERVICE Classification of Xerophthalmia (given by WHO) XN - Night blindness – the earliest sign in children. XIA - Conjunctival xerosis XIB - Bitot’s spots X2 -Corneal xerosis X3A & X3B - Corneal ulceration/keratomalacia XS - Corneal scarring XF -Xerophthalmic fundus Clinical Features 1.Night blindness (XN) - Difficulty seeing in low light or at night, often noticed by parents 2.Conjunctival xerosis (XIA) - Dry, lustreless patches of conjunctiva, often described as "sand banks at receding tide." usually found in the temporal and nasal areas of the eye. 3.Bitot’s spots (XIB) - Raised, white, foamy, triangular patches on the conjunctiva, typically found bilaterally in the temporal area. NEXTILLO.COM

  4. #DIBSBYNEXTILLO 4. Corneal xerosis (X2) - Early changes in the cornea, with haziness and dryness starting in the lower nasal quadrant, leading to a lack of luster. 5. Corneal ulceration/keratomalacia (X3A, X3B) - Severe ulceration or necrosis of the cornea. Small ulcers may heal with treatment, but larger ones can lead to blindness. 6. Corneal scars (XS) - Scar tissue forms in the cornea after healing from ulceration, which can impair vision. 7. Xerophthalmic fundus (XF) - Whitish lesions in the fundus, typically seen around the optic disc. NEXTILLO.COM

  5. #DIBSBYNEXTILLO Treatment Local Ocular Therapy Artificial tears for conjunctival xerosis. For corneal ulcers, appropriate antibacterial treatment should be initiated. Vitamin A Therapy 200,000 IU of vitamin A orally or 100,000 IU by injection on diagnosis, repeated the next day and after four weeks. NEXTILLO.COM

  6. #DIBSBYNEXTILLO Prophylaxis Short-Term Approach - Periodic vitamin A supplementation is critical. Infants and children under 6 years receive vitamin A every 3-6 months. Lactating mothers also receive a dose to boost vitamin A levels in breast milk. Medium-Term Approach - Food fortification with vitamin A. Long-Term Approach - Encouraging a balanced diet rich in vitamin A, such as leafy greens, papaya, and drumsticks, and integrating nutritional education in schools. NEXTILLO.COM

  7. MCQ QUESTION A 6-year-old child presents with dry eyes and foamy, triangular patches on the conjunctiva. What vitamin deficiency is most likely? a. Vitamin B1 b. Vitamin A c. Vitamin C d. Vitamin D Answer b. NEXTILLO.COM

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