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Anatomy & Physiology

This introduction to human anatomy and physiology explores the structures and functions of the human body. Anatomy focuses on the body's shapes and relationships, while physiology examines how systems work together. The study is structured across several levels of organization, from atoms to organ systems. Key organ systems, such as the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems, are discussed in terms of their roles in maintaining life. This comprehensive overview also delves into essential survival needs and the principles of homeostasis, establishing a foundation for understanding human biology.

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Anatomy & Physiology

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  1. Anatomy & Physiology The Human Body: An Orientation

  2. Introduction: • Anatomy: the study of structure and shape of the body (and its parts) and their relationship to each other. • Physiology: (physio= nature; ology= study of) the study of the function of the body and its parts. • These compliment each other and allow us to study the body’s structures and functions.

  3. Levels of Structural Organization (of Humans): • Atoms (building blocks of matter; combine to make molecules) • Cells (smallest unit of life) • Tissues (groups of similar cells performing a common function) • Organs (groups of tissues working together for a specific function) • Organ Systems (groups of organs working collectively for a greater good) • Organism

  4. Levels of Structural Organization (of Humans): http://www.google.com/imgres?q=levels+of+structural+organization&hl=en&sa=X&qscrl=1&nord=1&rlz=1T4ADSA_enUS406US407&biw=1366&bih=613&tbm=isch&prmd=imvns&tbnid=P4lM9cOAzch8NM:&imgrefurl=http://webs.ashlandctc.org/mflath/

  5. Organ System Overview: • Integumentary System: skin; provides protection, waterproofing, and cushioning; excretes waste; regulates temperate; contains temperature, pain & pressure receptors. http://www.google.com/imgres?q=skin&hl=en&sa=X&qscrl=1&nord=1&rlz=1T4ADSA_enUS406US407&biw=1366&bih=613&tbm=isch&prmd=imvnsbl&tbnid=hfmWyx2vzLbDKM:&imgrefurl=http://www.americanskin.org/

  6. Skeletal System: bones, cartilage, ligaments, & joints. Provides framework and supports body; with muscles, allows movement; protects organs; forms blood cells; stores minerals http://www.google.com/imgres?q=skeletal+system

  7. Muscular System: Muscles.Movement and transport substances throughout the body http://www.google.com/imgres

  8. Nervous System: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, & receptors. Respond to stimuli and activate muscles or glands. http://www.google.com/imgres

  9. Endocrine System: Glands (pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, thymus, ovaries, testes, & pineal) and hormones. Regulate bodily functions such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction. http://www.google.com/imgres

  10. Cardiovascular System: Heart & blood vessels. Transports fluid, oxygen, and waste throughout the body. http://www.google.com/imgres

  11. Lymphatic System: Lymph Nodes, Lymph Vessels, Tonsils, Thymus, Appendix, & Spleen. Clean blood of impurities; help with immunity. http://www.google.com/imgres

  12. Respiratory System: Nasal passages  pharynx  larynx  trachea  bronchi  lungs.Functions in gas exchange. http://www.google.com/imgres

  13. Digestive System: Mouth  esophagus  stomach  small then large intestine  rectum; accessory organs include liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Functions in breaking down food into nutrients for the absorption into the blood. http://www.google.com/imgres

  14. Urinary System: Kidneys, ureters, bladder, & urethra. Functions in filtering nitrogenous waste from the blood (creates urea), maintains body’s water and salt balance, regulates body’s blood pressure, and acid-base balance. http://www.google.com/imgres

  15. Reproductive System: Function is to produce offspring. Male includes testis, penis, and duct system; female includes ovaries, uterus, and duct system. http://www.google.com/imgres

  16. Maintaining Life: There are 8 characteristics that maintain, or enable, life. • Maintaining boundaries: separation of life from outside environment (from a cell membrane to skin) • Movement: internal & external • Responsiveness: sense the environment and react to it accordingly • Digestion: break down food

  17. Metabolism: all chemical reactions within the body: decomposition (break down) and synthesis (build up) • Excretion: removal of wastes • Reproduction: produce more like self (this can occur on the cellular level for growth, maintenance, and repair) • Growth: increase in size

  18. Survival Needs: There are 5 survival needs, or requirements for life: • Nutrients: food • Oxygen: needed to break down food (releases energy from food) • Water: transports, regulates, & needed for chemical reactions (most abundant chemical in our bodies) • Normal Body Temperature: determines rate of reactions • Atmospheric Pressure: force exerted on body by weight of air (enables gas exchange)

  19. Homeostasis: • Homeostasis is the body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment (temp., bp). • Homeo = same; stasis = stand still • There are 2 types of control: Negative & Positive Feedback Mechanisms.

  20. http://www.google.com/imgres

  21. The Language of Anatomy: • Superior:above, or toward the head (cranial) • Inferior: below, or away from the head (caudal) • Ventral: front of the body (anterior) • Dorsal: backside (behind) of the body (posterior) • Medial:middle • Lateral: outer side of body • Proximal: close to the origin point of attachment to a limb • Distal: farther from the point of attachment to a limb • Superficial: surface

  22. Body Planes & Sections: • Sagittal Section: cutting the body lengthwise • Median (midsagittal) Section: sagittal section that is equal • Frontal Section: cutting the body into anterior and posterior parts. • Transverse Section: (a.k.a. cross section) cutting the body into superior & inferior sections

  23. Median: Frontal: Transverse: http://www.google.com/imgres

  24. Body Cavities: • Dorsal Cavity: • Cranial Cavity: skull & brain • Spinal Cavity: spinal cord & backbone (vertebrate) • Ventral Cavity: • Thoracic Cavity: upper part of trunk • Abdominopelvic Cavity: lower trunk • The ventral cavity is separated by thediaphragm (thin muscle).

  25. http://www.google.com/imgres?

  26. Ventral Cavity: Thoracic Cavity: • The mediastinum separates the left & right sides (separates the lungs). • The viscera: lungs, heart, espohagus, trachea, & thymus gland(all except lungs are w/in mediastinum). Abdominopelvic Cavity: • This is from the diaphragm to the pelvic floor. Contains 2 cavities: • Abdominal Cavity (below diaphragm): viscera:stomach, liver, spleen, kidneys, gall bladder, and small & large intestines (majority) • Pelvic Cavity (above diaphragm): viscera:large intestines (lower end), bladder, & reproductive organs

  27. http://www.google.com/imgres?

  28. Other Body Cavities:

  29. Nasal Cavity: nose, nasal septum & sinuses (frontal & sphenoidal) http://www.google.com/imgres? Oral & Digestive Cavities: teeth & tongue http://www.google.com/imgres?

  30. Orbital Cavities: eyes, eye muscles, & nerves http://www.google.com/imgres? Middle Ear Cavities: middle ear bones http://www.google.com/imgres?

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