1. Earth Systems Summative Test

2. 1. A rock containing iron becomes soft and crumbly and reddish-brown in color. It probably has been chemically weathered by

3. 2. The geological principle stating that the same processes that operate today also operated in the past is called

4. 3. In which climate would frost wedging most likely occur?

5. 4. According to the theory of plate tectonics,

6. 5. What is the name for a pattern or group of stars that people imagined represents a figure?

7. 6. Most geologists rejected Alfred Wegener’s idea of continental drift because

8. 7. Conservation plowing helps limit the destruction of soil by

9. 8. The Rocky Mountains are more jagged than the Appalachian Mountains. This suggests that

10. 9. The diagram shows soil creep. What usually causes creep? A  volcanic activity B  freezing and thawing of water beneath the soil C  plant growth D  plate tectonics

11. 10. The two factors that combine to keep the planets in orbit are

12. 11. The feature at letter E used to be part of the river next to it. What is the feature at letter E? • A  a meander • B  a delta • C  an oxbow lake • D  a rejuvenated stream

13. 12. Marble is a rock that forms deep in Earth. Which type of rock is marble?

14. 13. The four large outer planets share which of the following characteristics?

15. 14. Why does a headland form?

16. 15. Fossils of the freshwater reptile Mesosaurus have been found in Africa and South American. What does this evidence suggest?

17. 16. Which fossil fuel was formed from the remains of small animals. Algae, and other organisms that lived in the oceans.

18. 17. Natural gas is considered a nonrenewable resource because

19. 18. Engineers are launching a space probe. The engineers plan to use a planet’s gravity to

20. 19. Which of the following is the most recently discovered source of energy for humans?

21. 20. The diagram shows a region where one crustal plate slides under another. Which letter in the diagram indicates the best place to generate electricity with geothermal energy? A A). A B). B C). C D). D

22. 21. Which type of rock forms when small particles of rocks or the remains of plants and animals are pressed and cemented together?

23. 22. Chemical weathering occurs most rapidly in areas with a

24. 23. Fossil fuels are available

25. 24. The diagram above shows two types of movements of Earth’s crust. What feature of the ocean floor develops in the region labeled A? A  abyssal plain B  continental shelf C  mid-ocean ridge D  sandbar

26. 25. At a tectonic plate boundary where the plates are moving together, what is least likely to occur?

27. 26. Which scientific theory helped scientists explain the occurrence of volcanoes and earthquakes around the Pacific Ocean?

28. 27. Large crystals are usually found in which kind of igneous rock?

29. 28. Which type of fault is shown on the map? • A normal fault • B reverse fault • C hanging fault • D strike-slip fault

30. 29. In a reverse fault,

31. 30. In what direction do seismic waves carry the energy of an earthquake?