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Understanding Long Haul and Metro Network Technologies in Telecommunications

This chapter explores the convergence of telecommunication technologies, focusing on long haul and metro networks. It delves into how networks connect core, access, and local networks to form an efficient communication system. Key concepts include the transition from TDM to IP technologies, the significance of Optical Transport Networks (OTN), and the role of SONET in legacy and current traffic encapsulation. Additionally, the chapter highlights signaling challenges and the importance of bandwidth management in ensuring robust and secure communication pathways.

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Understanding Long Haul and Metro Network Technologies in Telecommunications

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  1. Carrier Networks(Chapter 4) Long Haul/Core Network Metro Network Access Network Technologies Convergence Signaling Digital Hierarchy/SONET

  2. Public Network Categories Core Long Haul – hundreds of miles between sites Very high capacity Metro Networks City – wide Connect to Core Access/Local Networks Last Mile/Local Loop Connects Buildings and Homes

  3. Core: Long Haul High Bandwidth 100G DWDM Some TDM – mostly converted to IP Technologies SONET Ring GigE MPLS

  4. Core: Long HaulNetwork Convergence TDM to IP convergence Why Core first? Fewer nodes/switches Higher bandwidth, better efficiency End customers convert to IP at different times Metro Networks Access/Local Networks Customer’s staying TDM Investment in equipment Security Slow to adop

  5. Network Convergence Hybrid networks still during transition Gateways/Softswitches/Class 5 TDM switches Optical Transport Network (OTN) Legacy SONET/TDM traffic + New GigE/IP traffic Encapsulation of legacy SONET traffic in OTN frames Synchronous (evenly spaced) – SONET, TDM (T1, T3) Asynchronous (irregular intervals/dynamic) – GigE All done in one box

  6. Metro Networks Middle bandwidth 2.5G, 10G Redundancy Connect COs together Aggregate Local traffic onto Core

  7. Access/Local Networks Local loop Still mostly copper Trending to fiber Expensive Bandwidth bottleneck POTS DSL T1/T3 Ethernet Cable Operators Passive Optical Network (PON) Similar to SLC (1 pr. Fiber/ 32 sites)

  8. Signaling Control communications between network nodes Signaling System 7 (SS7) SIP Call setup/disconnect; Features; Billing; Roaming; Access/security In-Band Out of Band

  9. Digital HierarchySONET Electrical DS0 – 64KB DS1 – 1.544MB (24 DS0s) DS3 – 45MB (28 DS1s) Optical (SONET) OC3 – 155MB (3 DS3s) OC12 – 622MB (12 DS3s) OC48 – 2.5GB (48 DS3s) OC192 – 10GB (192 DS3s) OC768 – 40GB (768 DS3s)

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