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The Hydrogen Economy

The Hydrogen Economy. Karl K. Jonietz Institute for Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Research Los Alamos National Laboratory. LA-UR 05-6588. The Hydrogen Economy is not:. An answer to all of mankind’s problems The only thing we have to do Guaranteed to solve global warming Going to be easy or cheap

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The Hydrogen Economy

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  1. The Hydrogen Economy Karl K. Jonietz Institute for Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Research Los Alamos National Laboratory LA-UR 05-6588

  2. The Hydrogen Economy is not: • An answer to all of mankind’s problems • The only thing we have to do • Guaranteed to solve global warming • Going to be easy or cheap • Just around the corner • Assured “Beware of people trying to sell hydrogenated snake oil”

  3. Some background • Energy has basically three uses: heat, electricity and transportation • Petroleum is great as a transportation fuel • High energy density, liquid, easy to handle, and dirt cheap (even now) • We have used more petroleum for transportation than we produce domestically since 1987

  4. U.S. Petroleum Production and Consumption, 1970 - 2025 Imports Other Modes Heavy Trucks Light Trucks Cars

  5. Energy dependence has implications • Other countries are now competing for the oil we buy • Consider the secondary implications – many groups of people will not be able to pay the prices that will be demanded for petroleum • It is difficult to believe we are better off as a nation if there are large groups of cranky people conspiring in the dark • Energy security has become national security

  6. We may also have an answer • Hydrogen sources (natural gas & water) are abundant and widely distributed • Some methods of producing hydrogen do not produce CO2 • Three ways to use hydrogen in transportation: H2 internal combustion engines, HCNG ICEs, and in fuel cells • The quiz will cover the following

  7. How PEM Fuel Cells Work Right click mouse here for movie menu

  8. That’s cool, but what are the problems? • It all boils down to getting “butts in seats” • We have never successfully weaned Americans from the personal automobile • In order to get the US driving public to trade in their gasoline cars, we must have a viable alternative • Keys are range, convenience, and cost, cost, cost

  9. DOE’s 2015 Targets • Safe operation • Hydrogen storage to allow >300 mile range • Fuel cell system cost of $30/kW • Hydrogen delivered cost $2.00 – 3.00 per gallon of gas equivalent or kg H2 • Fuel cell durability >5000 hours, with cold start to -20°C and survivability to -40°C

  10. This won’t cut it • Note the ample luggage room • Perhaps a safety issue • Range was limited • This does not represent success In 1973, LANL modified a Buick to run on liquid hydrogen

  11. Where are we today? • Codes and standards are under development • Driving range is improving, but still a problem • Fuel cell system costs are about $200/kW • We are approaching $3.00/gge for distributed natural gas reforming • Durability remains a serious barrier

  12. Good news; bad news • GN: We can find solutions to these problems • BN: It will take time; we have short attention spans -- industry and government are not good at long-term research • GN: Many researchers at many institutions are involved • BN: People with little chance of success are climbing on the bandwagon and getting funding while siphoning off critical research dollars

  13. Fuel Cell & Hydrogen timeline at LANLLos Alamos activities & accomplishments vs. external events Institute for Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Research Hydrogen Storage Virtual Center of Excellence Awarded Objective Force W arrior Power System w/ Ball Aerospace FreedomCAR & Hydrogen Fuel Initiatives PNGV Medal, Energy 100 & Energy @ 23 Awards Fusion Energy Science Tritium Facility 2000 World’s First Gasoline - Direct - to - Electricity Demo w/ ADL& Plug Power First Complete Methanol - Direct - to - Electricity Power System GM Establishes Corporate Fuel Cell R&D Center General Motors / LANL Electrochemical Engine Project (on-site) Government/Industry Partnership for a New Generation of CO Tolerance Established via Anode Air Bleed Vehicles (PNGV) Staged Preferential Oxidation Developed w/ DelcoRemy 1990 H2 /O2 NASA tests w/ Ballard Manufacturable Thin - Film Electrodes ß PEM Electrode Breakthrough , Pt 20X 1980 st 1 DOE funded Fuel Cells for Transportation Project 2 nd Oil Embargo CH2/O2 Fuel Cell Golf C art Demo LH2 ICE Buick Demonstr ation st 1 Oil Embargo 1970 LASL/Westinghouse Rover/NERVA Hamilton Standard SPE Electrolyzers for O2 Production on Nuclear Submarines Nuclear Rocket Program General Electric develops SPE fuel cell for NASA Gemini Missions (Hydrogen Propellant) 1960 Los Alamos defense programs develop science and engineering base for hydrogen isotope purification, storage, 1950 and materials interactions

  14. Questions? kjonietz@lanl.gov 505-667-1311

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