“Historical Interlude…”

1. “Historical Interlude…” Book Talk Three

2. Overview • Ten Theories of Human Nature presented many different theorists • We explored Plato, Aristotle, Marx, Darwin, yet skipped over a chapter that represents a huge period in time. • Due to the negative undertone regarding “The Bible”, it is not surprising that the major components of Christianity were skipped.

3. Historical Interlude • Three theorists discussed that are important to note • Augustine (354 – 430) • Aquinas (1224-1274) • The Reformation • John Wycliffe • Martin Luther • John Calvin

4. Augustine (354 – 430) * • Believed that the grace of Christ was vital to human freedom • Augustine’s theologies on salvation and divine are considered to be a foundation in the Reformation of John Calvin * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo

5. Augustine (354 – 430), cont. • Augustine’s ideas… • Statement on the Jewish • Considered the scattering of Jews by the Roman Empire to be a fulfillment of prophecy * • Mariology • Defended that Mary “conceived as virgin, gave birth as a virgin, and stayed a virgin forever” * • Creation • Did not happen in six days such as Genesis states, but a logical framework* * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo

6. Aquinas (1224 – 1274) • Aristotle was an influence on Thomas Aquinas’ ideology • Main point that Aquinas recognizes as a difference between philosophy and theology, * • Was also canonized a Saint by the Catholic church • “it should be noted that different ways of knowing give us different sciences. The astronomer and the natural philosopher both conclude that the earth is round, but the astronomer does this through a mathematical middle that is abstracted from matter, whereas the natural philosopher considers a middle lodged in matter. Thus there is nothing to prevent another science from treating in the light of divine revelation what the philosophical disciplines treat as knowable in the light of human reason” * * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas

7. Aquinas (1224 – 1274), cont. A few ‘ideas’… • Goal of Human Life • The way to happiness is through charity, peace, and holiness* • Ideology of Death • Death does not exist because our spirit does not cease to exist * * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas

8. The Reformation (1400’s – “?”) Historical Figures • John Wycliffe • Martin Luther • John Calvin

9. John Wycliffe • John Wycliffe • First noted for having a reforming voice against Roman Catholicism • People are predestined to be saved * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wycliffe

10. Martin Luther • Martin Luther: 1483 – 1546 “Lutherans” • Disagreed with the Church teaching regarding indulgences • Claimed that forgiveness of sins was God’s alone to grant * • “Nailed his ninety-five theological propositions on the church door” (Stevenson & Haberman, David, 2009, p. 135) • Excommunicated from the Catholic Church for his ideology * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther

11. John Calvin John Calvin: Protestants “Calvinism” • Human wisdom consists of two parts, the knowledge of God and of ourselves * • Only way to gain knowledge of God is through reading scripture • Often cited founding Church doctors such as Augustine to defend the reformation * * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin

12. References Augustine of hippo. (2011, November 3). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo John calvin. (2011, November 4). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin John wycliffe. (2011, November 4). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wycliffe Martin luther. (2011, November 4). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther Stevenson, L., & Haberman, David. (2009). Ten Theories of Human Nature (Vol. 5th). New York, New York: Oxford University Press, Inc. Thomas aquinas. (2011, November 6). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas