Evolution of Political, Economic, and Cultural Structures in Europe (8000 BCE - Present)

1. Europe periods 1-6

2. 8000BCE-600CE Political- Democracy and city-states in Greece; Republic Empire in Rome; Est. of Byzantine Empire in eastern Europe (Greece, N. Africa, Middle East); elaborate legal systems – 12 Tables in Rome and Code of Justinian in Byzantine Empire; Bureaucracies; Germanic invasion and political decay led to fall of Rome Economic- Mediterranean Sea Trade; Agriculture; Trade within regions and also long distance trade along the Silk Road under Roman Empire; Imperial government promoted trade

3. Religion- Polytheistic; Animism; Judaism; birth of Christianity in Roman Empire • Social- Upper class, middle class, Freedmen (lower class), slaves; patriarchy; Germanic tribes on the frontiers; Justinian plague 540 CE • Intel/Art- Medicine, mathematics, astronomy; Greek Philosophers such as Socrates; Greek epic stories; Sculpture that idealized the human form; Parthenon in Greece, Aqueducts of Rome • Near- Ancient Greece and Roman Empire

4. 600 CE- 1450 • Political- Dark Ages/Middle Ages; After fall of Rome western Europe was decentralized and was divided into small feudal kingdoms (Feudalism); Byzantine Empire in eastern Europe; creation of the Holy Roman Empire in 962 in central Europe under Charlemagne; rise of Kiev (Rus) in eastern Europe; Viking invasions • Economic- Manorialism /Feudalism- self sufficient communities; barter system; Byzantine Empire- trade along the Silk Road; peasants tied to the land

5. Religion- Roman Catholic in the West; Monasticism; Great Schism in 1054; Orthodox Christianity in the East – Byzantine Empire and Kiev; Crusades (first in 1095) • Social- Feudalism- king, noble, knights, peasants; black death 1347; Code of Chivalry among knights • Intel/Art- Gutenberg Printing press 1440; Gothic Architecture; religious art; Monks are educated class and preserve texts • Near- Western Europe- feudal kingdoms; Central Europe- Holy Roman Empire; Byzantine Empire in East

6. 1450-1750 • Political- Rise of monarchies, emerging nationalism, by the end of the period rise of parliamentary monarchies; religious wars; period of exploration; Thirty Years war between Catholics and Protestants; Glorious Revolution in England • Economic- Exploration; start of mercantilism; colonialism in the Americas; fur trade in North America; Silver in the Spanish colonies; slave trade and plantations; Columbian Exchange; Dutch and English trading companies

7. Religion- Protestant Reformation- Martin Luther criticized use of indulgences in Catholic Church – led to the creation of Lutheranism and Calvinism; Catholic Counter Reformation- created the Jesuits- spread Catholicism; Catholicism spread to New World and Philippines • Social- Hierarchical system based on economic/ family background; patriarchy, women devalued

8. Intel/Art- Printing Press; Scientific Revolution 1500-1700- Copernicus- planets revolve around the sun; Enlightenment- Locke, Montesquieu and Voltaire- progress led by logic; Literature- Shakespeare; Renaissance- art Da Vinci, Humanism • Near- Western Europe

9. 1750-1900 • Political- Absolute monarchs; Emerging constitutional monarchies; rivalries between nation states; Enlightenment idea challenge traditional government; Period of revolutions- French Revolution; Imperialism- Scramble for Africa, est. settler colonies in South Africa, Australia, est. empires throughout Asia and the pacific

10. Economic – Mercantilism continues; Industrial Revolution- started in England; mass production of goods- led to desire for new markets and increase in global trade; slave trade; factory system; development of capitalism and opposing ideas- socialism and communism • Religion- Spread Christianity to colonies; rise of Deism during Scientific revolution • Social- social stratification; patriarchy but Enlightenment ideas challenge that- Mary Wollstonecraft; end of slave trade; racism, white man’s burden, Social Darwinism; new social classes due to Industrial revolution- industrial working class, rise of middle class

11. Intel/Art- Industrial Revolution- inventions; steam engine, assembly line, use of coal and oil, production of steel, chemicals, electricity; transportation- railroads, steamships, cars; Classical, Romantic, and Realist cultural movements • Near- Europe

12. 1914- Present • Political- Democracy challenged- Communist revolutions- Russian during WWI; World Wars- WWI 1914-1918; WWII 1939-1945; Cold War 1945-1991; empires broken up- Ottoman Empire, Austro-Hungary; colonies win independence; self determination; genocide of Armenians and Jews • Economic- Capitalism vs Communism; Globally connected; Industrialized nations; Green Revolution 1930s-1960s- increase in agricultural production sustained earth’s growing population;

13. Religion- Christianity dominates; spread of other religious groups to Europe such as Muslims • Social- Feminist movements; attempts to end racism • Intel/Art- medical innovations- vaccines and antibiotics; energy technologies such as nuclear power; new modes of communication and transportation- internet, cell phones, Henry Ford Model T car, airplane; new military technology- tanks, atomic bombs • Near- Europe