Luther Burbank produced over 800 varieties of plants by

1. Luther Burbank produced over 800 varieties of plants by • genetic engineering. • transformation. • selective breeding. • DNA sequencing.

2. Which of the following have been produced by selective breeding? • horse breeds • cat breeds • dog breeds • all of the above

3. Selective breeding produces • more offspring. • fewer offspring. • desired traits in offspring. • transgenic organisms.

4. Which of the following is NOT an example of selective breeding? • allowing only the best milk-producing cows to reproduce • crossing disease-resistant plants with plants that produce high food yields • mating cats that have long hair with cats that have long tails • allowing dogs to mate only once a year

5. Which of the following is most likely to bring together two recessive alleles for a genetic defect? • inbreeding • hybridization • genetic engineering • transformation

6. To make a new line of plants, Burbank used the process of • inbreeding. • hybridization. • transformation. • genetic engineering.

7. The crossing of buffalo and cattle to produce beefalo is an example of • inbreeding. • hybridization. • genetic engineering. • transformation.

8. Which of the following statements is NOT true? • Inbreeding and hybridization are opposite processes. • A hybrid plant has all the characteristics of both its parents. • Inbreeding can produce an offspring that has a defect that neither parent shows. • Hybridization is used to produce new varieties of plants and animals.

9. Scientists produced oil-eating bacteria by • making bacteria polyploid. • inbreeding bacteria. • inducing mutations in bacteria. • hybridizing bacteria.

10. What is the ultimate source of genetic variability? • inbreeding • radiation • hybridization • mutations

11. Breeders induce mutations in organisms to • increase diversity in populations. • make organisms more alike. • avoid selective breeding. • produce organisms with undesirable characteristics.

12. Which of the following includes all the others? • hybridization • inbreeding • selective breeding • induced mutations

13. Polyploidy instantly results in a new plant species because it • changes a species’ number of chromosomes. • produces a hardier species. • causes mutations. • all of the above

14. Mutations are useful in selective breeding because they • help maintain the desired characteristics of animal breeds. • are usually found in hybrids. • are usually beneficial. • can be used to enhance the process of hybridization.

15. What does Figure 13–1 show? • gel electrophoresis • DNA sequencing • a restriction enzyme producing a DNA fragment • polymerase chain reaction

16. In Figure 13–1, between which nucleotides is the DNA cut? • adenine and thymine • cytosine and guanine • thymine and cytosine • adenine and guanine

17. One function of gel electrophoresis is to • separate DNA fragments. • cut DNA. • recombine DNA. • extract DNA.

18. The process of making changes in the DNA code of a living organism is called • selective breeding. • genetic engineering. • inbreeding. • hybridization.

19. A DNA molecule produced by combining DNA from different sources is known as • a mutant. • a hybrid. • a polyploid. • recombinant DNA.

20. Knowing the sequence of an organism’s DNA allows researchers to • reproduce the organism. • mutate the DNA. • study specific genes. • cut the DNA.

21. Analyzing DNA by gel electrophoresis allows researchers to • identify similarities and differences in the genomes of different kinds of organisms. • determine whether a particular allele of a gene is dominant or recessive. • compare the phenotypes of different organisms. • cut DNA with restriction enzymes.

22. On an electrophoresis gel, band B is closer to the positive end of the gel than is band A. Which of the following statements is true? • Band B is more negatively charged than band A. • Band B moved faster than band A. • Band A is smaller than band B. • Band B consists of larger DNA fragments than does band A.

23. Genetic engineering involves • reading a DNA sequence. • editing a DNA sequence. • reinserting DNA into living organisms. • all of the above

24. Which of the following are NOT used to read DNA sequences? • nucleotides • gels • fluorescent dyes • double-stranded DNA molecules

25. Suppose a restriction enzyme recognizes the six-base sequencein a double strand of DNA. Between which two nucleotides on each strand would the enzyme have to cut to produce a fragment with sticky ends that are four bases long? • GC • CT • AA • AG

26. If two DNA samples showed an identical pattern and thickness of bands produced by gel electrophoresis, the samples contained • the same amount of DNA. • fragments of the same size. • the same DNA molecules. • all of the above

27. During transformation, • a prokaryote is changed into a eukaryote. • a cell takes in DNA from outside the cell. • foreign DNA is inserted into a plasmid. • a cell is mutated.

28. Scientists can transform plant cells by • using the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens. • removing the plant cell walls and then mixing the cells with DNA. • injecting DNA into the plant cells. • all of the above

29. A recombinant plasmid gets inside a bacterial cell by • inducing mutations. • injecting itself into the cell. • transformation. • recombining with the cell.

30. Which of the following includes all the others inside it? • plasmid • transformed bacterium • foreign gene • recombinant DNA

31. Which of the following steps is NOT essential in producing recombinant DNA? • Cut out a piece of DNA from a DNA molecule. • Splice a piece of DNA into DNA from another organism. • Use a restriction enzyme to form sticky ends in DNA. • Read the DNA sequence of the piece of DNA to be cut and spliced.

32. A gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry a plasmid (and the foreign DNA) from those that don’t is called a(an) • resistance gene. • antibiotic. • genetic marker. • clone.

33. Which of the following is often used as a genetic marker? • a foreign gene • a gene for antibiotic resistance • a DNA sequence that serves as a bacterial origin of replication • a nucleotide labeled with a fluorescent dye

34. The transformation of a plant cell is successful if • the plasmid that entered the cell reproduces inside the cell. • the foreign DNA is integrated into one of the cell’s chromosomes. • the cell reproduces. • a plasmid has entered the cell.

35. Which of the following is an example of successful transformation? • injection of bacterial DNA into plant cells • a defective gene in a cell being replaced with a normal gene • bacterial cells taking in plasmids that have a genetic marker • none of the above

36. Suppose a bacterial culture were mixed with recombinant plasmids containing a gene for resistance to penicillin. The bacterial culture was then treated with penicillin. Which of the following statements is NOT true? • Those bacteria that contain the plasmid will survive. • The penicillin will kill the bacteria that were transformed. • The gene for antibiotic resistance is expressed in the bacteria that survive. • Those bacteria that are successfully transformed will survive.

37. What kind of technique do scientists use to make transgenic organisms? • hybridization • inbreeding • inducing of mutations • genetic engineering

38. What is an advantage of using transgenic bacteria to produce human proteins? • The human proteins produced by transgenic bacteria work better than those produced by humans. • Transgenic bacteria can produce human proteins in large amounts. • The human proteins produced by transgenic bacteria last longer than those produced by humans. • Transgenic bacteria can produce human proteins used to make plastics.

39. What has been an advantage of producing transgenic plants? • increasing the food supply • using more pesticides • producing clones • studying human genes

40. To produce transgenic bacteria that make insulin, which of the following steps did scientists have to take first? • Insert the human insulin gene into a plasmid. • Extract the insulin from the bacterial culture. • Use a restriction enzyme to cut out the insulin gene from human DNA. • Transform bacteria with the recombinant plasmid.

41. What are scientists more likely to learn from transgenic animals than from transgenic bacteria or transgenic plants? • the structure of human proteins • the process of cloning • how human genes function • how plasmids reproduce

42. The Scottish scientist Ian Wilmut cloned a • bacterium. • sheep. • plant. • cow.

43. Which of the following is a clone? • the adult female sheep whose DNA was used to produce Dolly • a transgenic mouse • a bacterium taken from a bacterial colony • the tobacco plant with the luciferase gene

44. What kind of cell or cells were used to make Dolly? • body cell only • egg cell only • egg cell and sperm cell • body cell and egg cell

45. Why is Dolly a clone? • The source of her DNA was a single body cell. • The DNA molecules in all her cells are identical. • She was produced using the DNA from an adult’s egg cell. • She is genetically identical to her offspring.

46. People have used selective breeding to produce many different dog breeds. _________________________ • True • False

47. Without genetic engineering, horses would not have been domesticated. ______________________________ • True • False

48. Without selective breeding, dogs today would probably be less similar. _________________________ • True • False

49. Hybrids are often hardier than either of their parents. _________________________ • True • False

50. Animal breeders maintain cat and dog breeds by the process of hybridization. _________________________ • True • False