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Silicon Photomultipliers for accelerator and medical applications

Silicon Photomultipliers for accelerator and medical applications. Dr Sergey Vinogradov The QUASAR group at the University of Liverpool and the Cockcroft Institute, UK The Solid State Physics Department, P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Russia. Content. Introduction

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Silicon Photomultipliers for accelerator and medical applications

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  1. Silicon Photomultipliersfor accelerator and medical applications Dr Sergey Vinogradov The QUASAR group at the University of Liverpool and the Cockcroft Institute, UK The Solid State Physics Department, P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Russia Sergey Vinogradov 3rd oPAC Topical workshop on Beam diagnostics Vienna 8 May 2014 1

  2. Content • Introduction • SiPM features and parameters • Photon detection with SiPM • Photon detection types • SiPM application overview • Tokai-to-Kamioka (T2K) – neutrino detection • Positron Emission Tomography (PET) – medical imaging • Beam Loss Monitoring (BLM) – Cherenkov fiber BLM • Summary Sergey Vinogradov 3rd oPAC Topical workshop on Beam diagnostics Vienna 8 May 2014 2

  3. Conventional SiPM:photon number resolving detector R. Mirzoyan et al., NDIP, 2008 (SiPM MEPhI) Yu. Musienko, CERN, 2011 SiPM = Array of independent limited Geiger mode APD pixels with poly-silicon resistors for breakdown quenching and with common output producing a sum of binary signals Initially developed by MEPhI/Pulsar, Russia (~ 2000) Most popular SiPM on market – Hamamatsu MPPC (MultiPixel Photon Counter, 2008) Sergey Vinogradov 3rd oPAC Topical workshop on Beam diagnostics Vienna 8 May 2014 3

  4. SiPM drawbacks:Crosstalk, Afterpulsing, Nonlinearity Output primary avalanche Δ time afterpulses Sergey Vinogradov 3rd oPAC Topical workshop on Beam diagnostics Vienna 8 May 2014 4

  5. SiPM parameters High gain low noise fast time multiplication Accompanied by high gain related drawbacks Crosstalk and afterpulsing Key parameters Photon Detection Efficiency ~ 20 – 40% Dark count rate ~ 0.1 – 1 Mcps/mm2 Crosstalk ~ 5 – 40% Afterpulsing ~ 5 – 20% Pixel recovery (single electron response) time ~ 10 – 300 ns Pixel density ~ 103 – 104 mm-2 Spectral range ~ 350 … 900 nm (for Si, but also IR InGaAs) Active areas: 1x1 … 6x6mm-2 Arrays: 1x 16 … 8x8 (monolithic), 12x12 (hybrid) A lot of space for improvements in performance by New designs Advanced technology Sergey Vinogradov 3rd oPAC Topical workshop on Beam diagnostics Vienna 8 May 2014 5

  6. Detection types • Single photon counting - binary detection (PDE, DCR, dead time) –disadvantageous • Detection of short weak light pulses - highly competitive with PMT and APD • Photon number resolution (SNR, noise-to-signal ratio, σn/μn) • Time-of-flight detection (transit time spread, time resolution, σt) • Detection of time-varying signals (MTF, signal reconstruction) - challengeable Sergey Vinogradov 3rd oPAC Topical workshop on Beam diagnostics Vienna 8 May 2014 6

  7. SiPM application areas • Accelerators • SiPM (MEPhI) small HCAL (MINICAL), DESY, 2003 • MPPC (Hamamatsu), T2K, 2005-2009 • MAPD vs. MPPC at LHC CMS HCAL, 2009-2012 • Various SiPM at NA61/SHINE, LHC • RICH for ALICE (LHC) • CALICE Hadronic Calorimeter for ILC • FermiLab, Jefferson Lab calorimeter upgrade projects • CLIC STF3, Beam Loss Monitoring • Astrophysics • SiPM (MEPhI) cosmic ray study at International Space Station,2005 • MPPC, First G-APD Cherenkov telescope (FACT), 2011 • Cherenkov light detection of air showers (MAGIC upgrade, CTA) • Telecommunications • Deep space optical links(NASA & JPL Mars exploration program) • Quantum cryptography(Paul Scherrer Inst., Geneva Univ.) Sergey Vinogradov 3rd oPAC Topical workshop on Beam diagnostics Vienna 8 May 2014 7

  8. Tokai-to-Kamioka (T2K)long-baseline neutrino oscillation Sergey Vinogradov 3rd oPAC Topical workshop on Beam diagnostics Vienna 8 May 2014 8

  9. Selection of SiPM for T2K • Requirements • Operational in a magnetic field • Compact to fit the limited space inside the magnet • Good stability and low cost for a large number of readout channels (60 000) • Green light sensitivity (WLS fiber) • Photon detection efficiency > than that of a MAPMT • Sub-ns time resolution • Uncertainties • Metrology / characterisation / selection • Reproducibility • Reliability / aging Sergey Vinogradov 3rd oPAC Topical workshop on Beam diagnostics Vienna 8 May 2014 9

  10. Results of T2K with SiPM • T2K collaboration selected MPPC in 2005 • Mass production of MPPC started in 2008 • 60K MPPCs have been tested and installed in 2008 – 2009 • Experiment started in 2009 • Observation of neutrino oscillations has been reported in 2011 • KEK • TRIUMPH • Imperial • INR Sergey Vinogradov 3rd oPAC Topical workshop on Beam diagnostics Vienna 8 May 2014 10

  11. SiPM in medical imaging applications Sergey Vinogradov 3rd oPAC Topical workshop on Beam diagnostics Vienna 8 May 2014 11

  12. PET with SiPM • Positron Emission Tomography (PET) – medical imaging Sergey Vinogradov 3rd oPAC Topical workshop on Beam diagnostics Vienna 8 May 2014 12

  13. Magnetic Resonance Imaging + PET • Key constrains: • Magnetic field • Limited space Sergey Vinogradov 3rd oPAC Topical workshop on Beam diagnostics Vienna 8 May 2014 13

  14. Time-Of-Flight PET Target objective for SiPM time resolution: 100 ps Sergey Vinogradov 3rd oPAC Topical workshop on Beam diagnostics Vienna 8 May 2014 14

  15. Selection of SiPM for PET • Energy resolution (Photon Number Resolution) • ~ 10% @ 511 KeV ~ PMT (limited by scintillator at ~8%) • Time Resolution • ~ a few ns for conventional PET • → 100 ps for TOF PET • MRI compatibility for PET/MRI • Hamamatsu MPPC 3x3 mm2, 50 um pixel (GE, Siemens) • Philips digital SiPM 4x4 mm2 (Philips TOF-PET scanner) • SensL SPM 3x3 mm2 (Samsung brain PET/MRI) • Brain PET/MRI Scanner • (Samsung Research) Sergey Vinogradov 3rd oPAC Topical workshop on Beam diagnostics Vienna 8 May 2014 15

  16. BLM: Cherenkov fiber detection Sergey Vinogradov 3rd oPAC Topical workshop on Beam diagnostics Vienna 8 May 2014 16

  17. BLM: first evaluation of SiPM D. Di Giovenale et al., NIMA, 2011 SPARC accelerator, Frascati, INFN FERMI@Elettra, Synchrotrone Trieste • MPPC, 1mm2, 400 pixels • Quartz fiber 300 μm, 100 m • Dark count noise: negligible • Electronic noise: negligible • Spectral dispersion in fiber: n(𝜆) →∆t(𝜆) ~ 3 ns @100 m • τfall ~ 10 ns → deconvolution Summary • Compact low cost BLM ~1m-scale resolution @100m Sergey Vinogradov 3rd oPAC Topical workshop on Beam diagnostics Vienna 8 May 2014 17

  18. BLM: first experiment at CTF3 QUASAR group, University of Liverpool, Cockcroft Institute, CERN (L. Devlin et al., 2012-2013) More info: welcome to 11:45, May 09 E. Nebot del Busto Sergey Vinogradov 3rd oPAC Topical workshop on Beam diagnostics Vienna 8 May 2014 18

  19. Challenges for SiPM in BLM:saturation, recovering, duplications • Transient nonlinearity of SiPM response Large rectangular light pulse: Nph > Npix;Tpulse > Trec • Peak – initial avalanche events in ready-to-triggering pixels • Plateau – repetitive recovering and re-triggering of pixels • Fall – final recovering (without photons, but with afterpulses!) 4 us pulse 50 ns pulse Sergey Vinogradov 3rd oPAC Topical workshop on Beam diagnostics Vienna 8 May 2014 19

  20. Summary SiPM technology: breakthrough in photon detection Photon number resolution at room temperature Silicon technology / mass production / reliability / price Highly competitive in short (< μs) pulse detection Fast progress in improvements Welcome to SiPM application Scintillation Cherenkov Laser pulse And more… Sergey Vinogradov 3rd oPAC Topical workshop on Beam diagnostics Vienna 8 May 2014 20

  21. Sergey Vinogradov Seminars on SiPM at the Cockcroft Institute 2 December 2013 21 G. Collazuol, PhotoDet, 2012

  22. Acknowledgement& References Thanks to my colleagues on CLIC BLM project @QUASAR group L. Devlin and C.P. Welsch (University of Liverpool, Cockcroft Institute) E.N. Del Busto and M. Kastriotou (University of Liverpool, CERN) References [1] CLIC collaboration, “A multi-TeV linear collider based on CLIC technology - CLIC Conceptual Design Report”, Technical report, CERN, Geneva, 2012. [2] D. Di Giovenale, L. Catani, and L. Fr¨ohlich, “A read-out system for online monitoring of intensity and position of beam losses in electron linacs,” NIMA 665, 33–39, 2011. [3] M. Panniello, L. Devlin, P. Finocchiaro, A. Pappalardo, and C. P. Welsch, “SPECTROSCOPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF NOVEL SILICON PHOTOMULTIPLIERS,” Proc. BIW2012, Newport News, VA, USA, 2012. [4] E.B. Holzer, J. van Hoorne, S. Mallows “Fiber Based BLM System R&D at CERN – Quantitative loss measurement with long bunch trains”, Proc. HB2012, Beijing, China, 2012. [5] L. Devlin et al., “UPDATE ON BEAM LOSS MONITORING AT CTF3 FOR CLIC”, Proc. IBIC2013, Oxford, UK, 2013. [6] E.N. Del Busto et al, “Monte Carlo simulations of beam losses in the test beam line of CTF3”, Proc. IBIC 2013, Oxford, UK, 2013. Sergey Vinogradov 3rd oPAC Topical workshop on Beam diagnostics Vienna 8 May 2014 22

  23. The end Thank you for your attention Questions? Sergey.Vinogradov@cockcroft.ac.uk +44 192560 31 97 Sergey Vinogradov 3rd oPAC Topical workshop on Beam diagnostics Vienna 8 May 2014 23

  24. SiPM performance metrics for BLM TTS PNR New metrics ? • Loss scenarios (single or a few separate locations) • Amplitude → photons → particles per location (PNR) • Transit time to rising edge → loss location (TTSpread) • Separation of loss locations • Modulation transfer function (MTF) ? • Pulse pair resolution ? Sergey Vinogradov 3rd oPAC Topical workshop on Beam diagnostics Vienna 8 May 2014 24

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