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Citation of Electronic Resources based on APA Style

Citation of Electronic Resources based on APA Style. An Internet Journal Article with No Print Equivalent

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Citation of Electronic Resources based on APA Style

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  1. Citation of Electronic Resources based on APA Style • An Internet Journal Article with No Print Equivalent Foster, S. K., Paulk, A., & Dastoor, B. R. (1999). Can we really teach test-taking skills?  New Horizons in Adult Education, 13(1). Retrieved from http://www.nova.edu/~aed/newhorizons.html • A Government document Alberta. Alberta Learning. Special Education Branch. (2006). Essential components of educational programming for students with behavior disabilities. Retrieved from http://education.alberta.ca/media/511687/ecep_behaviour_disabilities.pdf • An Online Full-text DissertationBranch, J. L. (2000). Information-seeking processes of junior high students: A case study of CD-ROM encyclopedia use (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Digital Dissertations (AAT NQ59566) • An E-BookPolette, N. J. (2000). Gifted books, gifted readers: Literature activities to excite young minds. Englewood, Co: Libraries Unlimited. Retrieved from http://www.netLibrary.com • A Newspaper Article Avery, B. (2000, February 9). Oil Prices likely to remain high: Non-OPEC suppliers unable to challenge cartel. The Edmonton Journal. Retrieved from http://www.edmontonjournal.com 

  2. Citation of Electronic Resources based on APA Style (cont’d) • Online encyclopedia Adamski, B. K. (n.d.). Lacrosse. In Canadian Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved from http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1SEC888940 • A Web Document American Psychological Association. (2001). Electronic references. Retrieved from http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html  • A Web Site No reference entry is needed; give the URL of the site in text. For example, 2Learn is a very useful Web site for teachershttp://www.2Learn.ca/mapset/mapset.html • E-Mail Cite e-mail communication in text only. No reference entry is needed. For example, J. Tong (personal communication, February 9, 2009)

  3. Content Analysis and Existing Statistical Sources Neumann, Ch. 8: Research with Nonreactive Measures (pp. 208-223)

  4. Alternative Conceptualizations of Identity:Substantialist vs Relational • substantialist: identities as durable, encompassing attributes of actors, individual or collective • relational: identities as social relations and their representations, as seen from the perspective of one actor or another

  5. Identities are answers to the questions “Who are you?” and “Who are they?” • Charles Tilly (1998, 2003), proposes that identities consist of the following: • a boundary separating me from you or us from them • a set of relations within the boundary • a set of relations across the boundary • a set of stories about the boundary and relations

  6. What is Nonreactive Research? • nonreactive research: a collection of research techniques in which the people in the study are unaware that someone is gathering information or using it for research purposes, e.g., • physical evidence analysis • content analysis • existing statistics analysis • secondary data analysis • unobtrusive measures: most nonreactive measures do not intrude or disturb a person, so the person is unaware of them

  7. Content Analysis • content analysis: a nonreactive technique for studying communication messages • text: in content analysis, it means anything written, visual or spoken in a communication medium

  8. Sample for the Czech and Slovak Ethno-National Claims (CSENC) Catalog • All BBC news reports from January 1, 1993 – December 31, 2002 generated by a search of “headlines, lead paragraph(s) and terms” • using the keywords “Czech Republic” and “Slovakia” • Keyword search produced list of headlines • averaging around 7,000 annually, per country, (including duplicates)

  9. Read only reports whose headlines mentioned the following: • contentious claims by organizations (domestic and external) on behalf of ethno-national categories identifying residents (past or current) • nationality/minority policy • contentiousclaims involving foreign governments • any interactions with external certifying agencies (e.g., the EU, NATO, the US, IGOs, and certain NGOs) • contentious gatherings of any kind

  10. How to Measure and Code in Content Analysis • coding system: in content analysis, a set of instructions or rules stating how text was systematically measured and converted into variables • What do you measure? • Direction • Frequency • Intensity • Space • Prominence

  11. CSENC coding categories

  12. The following kinds of claims were coded: • contentious claims by organizations (domestic and external) or public gatherings of 5 or more people on behalf of ethno-national categories referring to residents (past or current) • policy recommendations and expressions of concern from international institutions that refer to political, social and economic behavior in the Czech or Slovak states • domestic claims by organized political actors addressed to external certifying agencies • contentious gatherings of groups consisting of 5 or more persons not featuring “ethno-national” claims

  13. Domestic actors/objects were divided into the following types: • governments: prime ministers and cabinet-level officials • ruling parties: political parties that make up the ruling coalition • major opposition parties: the largest opposition political party or coalition of parties, capable of forming a government • minor opposition parties: smaller opposition parties in parliament; or parties incapable of forming a government • extra-parliamentary actors: non-parliamentary political parties, nongovernmental organizations and contentious gatherings involving at least five people

  14. External actor/object types were the following: • government, political party or extra-parliamentary actor from neighboring state • certifying agents: international organizations, powerful states, and select NGOs (international authorities) • “non-certifying” international/Western NGOs

  15. Basic event types: “speech acts” and “contentious gatherings” • speech acts: • public pronouncements (made in press briefings, political meetings, and interviews) • written statements (including reports) • government/parliamentary proceedings (including resolutions) • diplomatic actions (correspondence, boycott of meetings, recall of ambassador) • contentious gatherings: • marches (moving demonstrations) • rallies (stationary demonstrations) • commemorations (memorial gatherings that are not “contentious” at their inception but come to feature contentious claims) • occupations (illegal takeover of space by persons) • blockades (illegal occupation of roadways by motor vehicles)

  16. Coding, Validity, and Reliability • manifest coding: content analysis coding in which you record information about the visible, surface content in a text • latent coding: coding in content analysis in which you look for the underlying, implicit meaning in the content of a text • intercoder reliability: a measure of measurement consistency in content analysis when you have multiple coders

  17. Typology of nationalist and ethnic claims • Primacy claims draw a boundary between the nation and some other political category, attaching distinct sets of political interests to the two sides. Interests may be characterized as merely distinct or conflictual; the distinction in interests may be characterized as situational or fundamental (references to a fundamental distinctions in interests are specially coded as “fundamentalist”).Primacy claims affirm the priority of national identity and interest over some other collective identity/interest without specifying an object. Terms such as “integrity,” “unity,” “indivisibility,” “tradition,” and “custom” frequently figure in primacy claims. • Disloyaltyclaims have internal objects who are accused of placing non-national loyalties ahead of national ones, with treason charges at the extreme. In charges of disloyalty, the categorical pair features the nation and the alleged rival political allegiance of the accused internal party. The rival allegiance may be inside the state or outside. For example, it could be an object’s local ethnic community or it could be a supranational community. Claimants commonly accuse objects of: “servility,” subversion,” and “collaboration,” as well as “disloyalty.” • Interference claims always have an external object and charge that an external actor has violated the nation’s sovereignty in some way. More often than not the word “interference” appears in nationalist claims of this type. Other frequent indicators are: “meddling,” “intruding,” “intervening,” “dictating,” “patronizing,” and “violating sovereignty.” • External co-ethnic support claims have external objects: other members of the nation who reside abroad. They rest on the nationalist principle that nationality overrides citizenship and that state authorities should defend and promote the identity co-ethnics abroad, towards preserving national integrity. The category paired with the nation in these claims is usually the titular nation of the state where co-ethnics reside.

  18. Total ethno-national claims in CR & SK, by type

  19. Mining Existing Statistical Sources to Answer New Questions • social indicator: any measure of social conditions or well-being that can be used in policy decisions

  20. Verifying Data Quality • Missing data • Reliability • Validity • Topic knowledge • Fallacy of misplaced concreteness • Ecological fallacy

  21. Verifying Data Quality (cont’d) • fallacy of misplaced concreteness: when statistical information is reported in a way that gives a false impression of its precision • ecological fallacy: mistaken interprestations that occur when you use data for a higher or bigger unit of analysis to examine a relationship among units at a lower or small unit of analysis

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