Unit 6 Chapter 18

1. Unit 6Chapter 18 Science and Enlightenment

2. The Protestant Reformation Gave Way to Other Revolutions *Science *Enlightenment

3. Scientific Revolution “Prove It”

4. Scientific Revolution Fueled By • Scholasticism of the Late Middle Ages • Humanism of the Renaissance • Growth of Universities • Growth of Literacy (printing press) • Protestant Reformation • Age of Exploration • Political Rivalries in Europe

5. Medieval View of the World • Synthesis of Christian theology and scientific beliefs of the time • St. Thomas Aquinas studied Aristotle attempting to harmonize science with Christian thought (scholasticism) • Science was used to understand God • Four Elements of the Material World – earth, water, air and fire • Gave rise to alchemy – the idea that if you change those elements you get differences in the material world • Four Elements of the Human Body – blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile • Disease caused by evil spirits, punishment by God • Ptolemy went unquestioned (“geocentric” theory - earth-centered universe)

6. Major Scientists Astronomy • Copernicus 1473-1543 • Tycho Brahe 1546-1601 • Johannes Kepler1571-1630 • Galileo 1564-1642 • Francis Bacon 1561-1626 • Isaac Newton 1642-1727 Medicine and Chemistry • Paracelsus 1493-1541 • Andreas Vesalius 1514-1564 • William Harvey 1578-1657

7. The Women-Folk • In the Middle Ages, women who sought learning were hampered by the idea that a woman’s appropriate role was that of a homemaker (unless they joined a convent) • As a result of Humanism, some women were encouraged to read the classics and Christian texts • By the 17th century, however, this enthusiasm will wane, and education was only available to a privileged few • Margaret Cavendish • Maria Merian • Maria Winkelmann

8. Debates on the Nature of Women(querelles des femmes) • Middle Ages -Male view of women not very favorable • Women inherently base • Easily swayed an prone to vice • Sexually insatiable • Early Modern Era – women began to speak out, argued that education was the key to women’s ability • Scientific Revolution – Didn’t help much. Reaffirmed traditional medieval ideas about women • Anatomical skeletons of male and female pelvis’s reasserted the idea that women were only meant to be childbearers, and a males larger skull proved his intellectual superiority • As science and medicine were upgraded to professional crafts, women lost traditional roles as midwives • Widespread growth of literature allowed for the spread and continuation of sexist ideas

9. Typical for the Time “which one shows to the curious, but which has no use at all, any more than a carousel horse” -Jean de La Bryere on how an educated woman was like a gun that is a collectors item

10. Science and Religion • Deism – by product of the Scientific Revolution - Perceived god as a “watchmaker” who created the universe but has little influence • Blaise Pascal • Benedict de Spinoza

11. Key Concept • Church had to defend itself on two fronts • Protestant Reformation which challenged the Pope using theological grounds • Scientific Revolution which challenged his authority on scientific or mathematical grounds

12. Consequences of the Scientific Revolution • The growth of a well-respected, competitive scientific international community • The development of a rational method for obtaining scientific knowledge versus basing conclusions on ancient established sources • It’s impact was on how people thought, however it was not applied to economic and social improvement until the 18th century (no improvement in the standard of living for most folks)

13. Enlightenment • Philosophers, Social Critics, et al develop new ideas on the role of mankind and government and applied it to social issues and politics (used new scientific methods from the scientific revolution) • Models of government produced were imitated in later constitutions (including U.S.) • Challenged absolute monarchies who aligned themselves with the church (confusing when Pope and monarch divinely appointed – what happens when they disagree?)

14. Enlightened Thinkers • Philosophes • Rene Descartes – 1596-1650 • Jean-Jacques Rousseau – 1712-1778 • Voltaire – 1694-1778 • Denis Diderot – 1713-1784 • Immanuel Kant – 1724-1804 • Thomas Hobbes – 1588-1679 • John Locke – 1632-1704 • Montesquieu – 1689-1755 • Adam Smith – 1737-1790 • Marquise de Pompadour • Mary Wollstonecraft – 1759-1797

15. (add) • David Hume – philosopher that says desire rather than reason governs human behavior • Edward Gibbon – criticizes Christianity • CesareBeccaria – one of the first to condemn death penalty and torture

16. Used enlightened ideas (often combined with absolute rule) Toleration Justice Improvement of people’s lives Examples Frederick II of Prussia Catherine the Great of Russia Maria Theresa of Austria Joseph II of Austria Give examples of how they initiated “enlightened reform” within their respective realms (pp.615-621) What overall effect did the Enlightenment have on France ? (summarize pp. 622-623) What was the overall influence of the Enlightenment ? (summarize pp. 623) Enlightened Monarchs

17. Thoughtful Exercises to Help You Achieve “Enlightenment” Which “philosophes” or other enlightenment thinkers influenced each of the “enlightened absolutes”?

18. Say What? Identify which enlightened thinker would have said the following:

19. “Dare to Know”

20. “I think, therefore I am”

21. The mind is a “tabula rasa”

22. “Ecrasez l’ infame!”(crush the horrible thing!)

23. “All men are born free, but everywhere they are in chains”

24. it should be operated by and “invisible hand”

25. We should then love them with true affections, because we should learn to respect ourselves”

26. “it’s against natural law”

27. “life is nasty, brutish and short”