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PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS. AP Psychology. Understanding Psychological Disorders. Until the late 1800s, psychological disorders were attributed to evil spirits, and demonic possession. abnormal behavior vs. psychological disorder ?

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PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

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  1. PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS AP Psychology

  2. Understanding Psychological Disorders • Until the late 1800s, psychological disorders were attributed to evil spirits, and demonic possession. abnormal behavior vs. psychological disorder ? psychopathology – the scientific study of psychological disorders psychiatric disorder - aligned with medical definitions and clinical conditions.

  3. Irrational, does not make sense to most people • Harmful to oneself and/or others *** CHANGE FROM TEXTBOOK*** Defining Psychological Disorders Unjustifiable Maladaptive • Psychological disorder – a psychological condition or mental disorder characterized by patterns of behaviors and/or thinking patterns that are DAMU abnormal psychology is the study of and treatment of psychological disorders or mental illness. THE BIG CONTROVERSY is that does abnormal behavior alone constitute a psychology disorder ?? Distress Atypical • Makes oneself and/or others uncomfortable • Unusual, not shared by many others

  4. with a partner; brainstorm whether behavior is suggestive of a psychological disorder

  5. History of Psychological disorders • Humans skulls show trephining, in which holes are drilled into a living person’s skull in order to release demonic spirits thought to be causing the person’s disordered behaviors Phineas Gage

  6. *** CHANGE FROM TEXTBOOK*** Classifying and Diagnosing Psychological Disorders • DSM 5 (May 2013) • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders • Published by the American Psychiatric Association (applicable to the US) • A widely used system for classifying psychological disorders. • Side note… are there 2 APA’s? • “the bigger APA” - American PSYCHOLOGICAL Association • “the little APA” – American PSYCHIATRIC Association

  7. Advantages of DSM-5 • Diagnosis can facilitate communication • Diagnosis can provide etiology (study of causation) clues • Diagnosis provides prognosis (likely outcome) • Diagnosis can give direction for treatment plans

  8. Disadvantages of DSM-5 • Diagnosis is not theoretically neutral • No clear line between normal and abnormal in many cases • Reliability is still a problem (if 5 psychologists examine a patient will they all come up with the same diagnosis?) • Diagnostic labels may take on a life of their own and are hard to remove – LABELING THEORY – Rosenhan – this can lead to self-fulfilling prophecy. David Rosenhan (1973) – found that the label of a psychological disorder caused others to think of the disorder as the central personality trait → “stickiness of the diagnostic label”

  9. Labeling Psychological Disorders Labeling symptoms as disorders and labeling people as having disorders have real consequences. Diathesis - stress model - recognizes a combination of biological and environmental causes of psychological disorders. Biological/ genetic predisposition + stress (environment) = DISORDER

  10. Understanding Psychological Disorders • Biospychosocial approach • Bio: ? • Psycho: stress, trauma, mood-related perceptions and memories • Social: ? • Often we say “insane” or “crazy” when we are confused or uncomfortable. • Mental incompetence - criminal suspects are deemed mentally ill and unable to understand the criminal proceedings or aid in their own defense.

  11. Medical Model • Medical model - psychological disorders have a biological cause. Mental illnesses caused by genetics, brain damage, dysfunction of brain’s neurotransmitter system.

  12. With a partner… 10 min On a sheet of paper in your notes How would you explain the relationship between psychological disorders and the following perspectives. Also which perspective is most reliable and why? • Psychodynamic • Behavioral • Cognitive • Humanistic • Sociocultural • Bio - Psycho - Social

  13. ADHD Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

  14. Categories of Disorders for this class • Anxiety • Motor • PTSD • Obsessive Compulsive Disorder • Somatic Symptom Disorder • Dissociative • Depressive • Bipolar • Schizophrenia • Personality

  15. Anxiety Disorders refer to disorders that involve persistent and distressing nervousness and apprehension OR maladaptive behaviors which reduce anxiety (defenses against anxiety). I.Anxiety Disorders Description • General Anxiety • Panic Disorder • Phobias Causes/Explanations

  16. *** CHANGE FROM TEXTBOOK*** Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder • Category – Neurodevelopmental Disorders • Who can characterize this disorder? • What has lead to a 42% increase in ADHD diagnosis over the past 8 years? • Why do you think it is so difficult to diagnose this disorder?

  17. ADHD Debate Over-Diagnosed Genuine Disorder • ADHD diagnoses have been on the rise for 2 decades • more children are unnecessarily on medication • ADHD rates differ in different counties and states • adults also accept the diagnosis and use it to account for life failings • ADHD is a real neurological disorder that is inheritable • can be studied using brain imaging techniques • not caused by too much sugar or boring classes • treatable with medications (such as Ritalin or Adderall) and behavioral therapies (help modify behaviors in the classroom and at home) Bottom line – ADHD symptoms are disruptive and can be treated with medication and therapy.

  18. Famous ADHD Sufferers • Walt Disney • Whoopi Goldberg • Justin Timberlake • Will Smith • Michael Phelps • Jim Carrey • Suzanne Somers • Cher

  19. ANXIETY DISORDERS Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.

  20. PTSD Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

  21. *** CHANGE FROM TEXTBOOK*** Posttraumatic Stress Disorder • Category – Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders • Traumatic experience – exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence women report a higher rate of PTSD than men posttraumatic growth; It is positive change experienced as a result of the struggle with a major life crisis or a traumatic event.

  22. OBSESSIVE- COMPULSIVE DISORDERS

  23. *** CHANGE FROM TEXTBOOK*** Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders Obsessive thoughts must be so haunting/persistent and compulsive behaviors must be so ritualistic/time-consuming that they disrupt everyday life and cause the person distress. • Must disrupt everyday life • Body dysmorphic disorder - obsessive physical appearance • Trichotillomania - hair-pulling • Excoriation - skin-picking • Hoarding disorder – difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of actual value

  24. Obsession vs. Compulsion

  25. OCD

  26. Famous OCD Sufferers • Charles Darwin • Howard Hughes • Marc Summers • Howie Mandel • Megan Fox

  27. Explaining Anxiety Disorders, PTSD, and OCD Nurture Nature • General anxiety and fear with classical conditioning • Ex: :Little Albert • Observational learning • Learning fears through observing others • Biological to fear certain things: snakes, spiders, closed spaces, darkness, heights → natural selection • Twins show similar anxiety levels • Brain activity • Amygdala – fear • Basil ganglia (OCD) • OCD and overactive anterior cingulate cortex – monitors behaviors and checks for errors

  28. MDD Major Depressive Disorder

  29. *** CHANGE FROM TEXTBOOK*** Major Depressive Disorder • Category – Depressive Disorders • Significant weight loss/gain • Daily insomnia or hypersomnia • Psychomotor agitation or retardation • Daily Fatigue or loss of energy • Inability to concentrate • Indecisiveness • Recurrent thoughts of death, suicide, or suicide attempt • If persistent for 2+ years → Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia) • Depression is the top reason people seek mental health help.

  30. BIPOLAR DISORDER

  31. *** CHANGE FROM TEXTBOOK*** Bipolar Disorder • Category – Bipolar and Related Disorders • Formerly called “manic-depression’ • Bipolar I is more severe than Bipolar II

  32. Explaining MDD and Bipolar Disorder Nurture Nature • Negative appraisal of events • Learned helplessness • Pessimism • Rise of individualism and decline of family/religion? • Chicken-or-the-egg: depressive state and negative emotions/beliefs → BREAK the cycle! • Mood related disorders are heritable • Scarcity of norepinephrine and serotonin • Left-frontal lobe inactivity • 7% smaller frontal lobe

  33. Famous MDD and Bipolar Disorder Sufferers Bipolar Disorder Major Depressive Disorder • Kurt Cobain • Robin Williams • Russell Brand • Carrie Fischer • Ernest Hemingway • Amy Winehouse • Abraham Lincoln • Woody Allen • Bob Dylan • Winston Churchill • Audrey Hepburn • Marilyn Monroe

  34. DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS Psychological disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (disassociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

  35. DID Debate Skeptics Supporters • Why so prevalent in the late 20th century? • Jump from 3 to 12 personalities? • Why not prevalent outside of North America • Disorder created by therapists and clients in a certain social context. • Different brain and body states with different personalities • Handedness can also change with personalities

  36. SOMATIC SYMPTOM & RELATED DISORDERS Psychological disorders characterized by symptoms that suggest physical illness or injury but cannot be explained fully by a medical condition, a drug substance, or another mental disorder

  37. Somatic symptom disorders cont’d Factitious Disorder imposed on self: psychiatric disorder where one fakes physical or psychological illnesses or diseases to gain sympathy for themselves. Factitious disorder imposed on another: psychiatric disorder where one fakes physical or psychological illnesses or diseases to gain sympathy for themselves.

  38. Dissociative Disorders Dissociation is the feeling that you are outside of yourself, looking at yourself. mind is separate from your body. A person’s memories and emotions are somehow separated from his/her conscious awareness. • controversial disorder • many experts do not believe it is real.

  39. Dissociative Amnesia: • Selective memory loss of a specific traumatic event (not a brain injury). • The amnesia vanishes as abruptly as it begins and rarely re-occurs. Ex. A woman who gives birth to a stillborn baby might not remember that she was even pregnant with Fugue-state involves a person who just leaves one’s home and starts on new life, with no memory of one’s past life. The memory may re-occur and the person may return home, only to leave again.

  40. Dissociative Identity Disorder • The mind partitions itself into two or more distinct personalities that may or may not know about each other. • One “personality” emerges to handle stressful situations that the whole psyche or other parts cannot handle.

  41. Depersonalization Disorder • Depersonalization Disorder - feelings of detachment from one’s mental processes or body.

  42. SCHIZOPHRENIC SPECTRUM & OTHER PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS

  43. “Schizophrenia” • Literally means “split mind” – mind is splitting from reality • 1 /100 people (1/10 if familial history) • 24 million worldwide • Typically strikes during young adulthood • Men are afflicted more often, earlier in life, and more severely

  44. Schizophrenia’s Characteristics

  45. Schizophrenia’s Characteristics Symptoms must impair social and occupational activities AND be present for 6+ months, with 1 month active symptoms.

  46. *** CHANGE FROM TEXTBOOK*** There is not “a typical case” of schizophrenia, therefore the subtypes are too rigid.

  47. Positive Symptoms • Presence of inappropriate behaviors • Hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, inappropriate actions Schizophrenia Symptoms Negative Symptoms • Absence of appropriate behaviors • Toneless voice, catatonia, flat effect Baseline for typical behaviors

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