Crop Protection: Insects, Nematodes- How to Put Together an IPM Program for Your Farm

1. Crop Protection: Insects, Nematodes- How to Put Together an IPM Program for Your Farm University of Florida, IFAS Norm Leppla

2. Leppla’s Career • University of Arizona- Insect Behavior & Rearing Research (2 yr) • USDA, ARS- Pest Management & Biological Control, FL & TX (17 yr) • USDA, APHIS- Methods Development, Washington DC & International (7 yr) • University of Florida- Administration & Integrated Pest Management (15 yr)

3. Collecting Cabbage Loopers in Hastings, Florida

4. Introduction • Topics • What is IPM? • IPM practices and applications • Sources of IPM information • Pesticide use and safety • IPM for potato IPM topics from producers?

5. What is IPM? Integrated Pest Management, or IPM, is a long-standing, science-based decision-making process that identifies and reduces risks from pests and pest management strategies. It coordinates information on pest biology, the environment, and availabletechnology to preventunacceptable levels of pest damage by the most economical means, while posing the least risk to people, property, resources, and the environment. IPM provides an effective strategy for managing pests from developed agricultural, residential, and public areas to wild lands. IPM provides an effective, all encompassing, sustainable approach to protect natural resources, crops, animals and people from pests. IPM recommendations are frequently recognized as Best Management Practices (BMP’s) to manage weeds, disease and insects for production of food and fiber (USDA National Road Map for Integrated Pest Management).

6. What is IPM? IPM is the coordinated use of pest and environmental information and available pest control methods to prevent unacceptable levels of damage by the most economical means with the least possible hazard to people, property and the environment. - EPA. There is no “Magic bullet“

7. What Causes Pest Outbreaks? Alien invasive species Disrupted environments Pesticide resistance Local invasions Perceptions Others causes?

8. IPM System • Pest outbreaks & disease epidemics • Environmental contamination • Human health hazards • Pest mgmt. costs • Reduce • risk… INCREASE… • Reliability • Sustainability Chem Biological Control Cultural Methods

9. IPM Practices

10. Generic IPM Program • Biological knowledge • Monitoring and inspection • Act to control pests when necessary • Choose least-risk options • Long-term, preventative practices • Evaluation and records • Pesticide management • Continual improvement

11. Direct Access to IPM Information • Habitat-specific integrated pest • management guides, fact sheets, • EDIS articles, Featured Creatures, etc. •  Links to specialized websites with pest • management information specific • to a crop or situation • Key contacts for expert advice on • managing pests •  Additional resources for pest • identification and management, • e.g., diagnostic services

12. Extension Guides

13. Grower’s IPM Guide for FloridaTomato & Pepper Production Table of Contents • Chapter 1- Introduction WHY IPM? • Chapter 2- Tomato & Pepper Production • Chapter 3- Soil & Nutrient Management • Chapter 4- Pest Management • Chapter 5- Disease Management • Chapter 6- Weed Management • Chapter 7- Cultural & Physical Controls • Chapter 8- Biological Control • Chapter 9- Chemical Control

14. Featured Creatures provides in-depth profiles of insects, nematodes, arachnids and other organisms. The site is a cooperative venture of the University of Florida's Department of Entomology and Nematology and the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services' Division of Plant Industry. All articles are official publications of the University of Florida's Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences.

15. Electronic Data Information Source (EDIS) The EDIS website is a comprehensive, single-source repository of all current UF/IFAS numbered peer-reviewed publications (about 7,500). http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/

16. Electronic Data Information Source (EDIS) • Agriculture • Community Development • Environment • Families & Consumers • 4H Youth development • Lawn & Garden • Aquaculture • Crops • Livestock • Nursery & GH • Organic farming • Agricultural safety • Small farms • Turf & sod

17. Florida Crop/Pest Management Profile: Potatoes Mark A. Mossler and Chad Hutchinson http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pi030 (Revised 2008) Webb, S.E. 2007. Insect Management for Potatoes. Entomology and Nematology Department document ENY-469. (http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/IG155) Noling, J.W. 2005. Nematode Management in Potatoes (Irish or White). EDIS publication ENY029. (http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/NG029) Roberts, P., Weingartner, P., and Kucharek, T. 2007. 2007 Florida Plant Disease Management Guide: Potato, Irish. EDIS publication PDMG-V3-46. (http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/PG053) Stall, W.M. and Hutchinson, C.M. 2005. Weed Control in Potato. EDIS publication HS194. (http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/WG035)

18. Pesticide Information • UF/IFAS Pesticide Information Office • CDMS- ChemSearch • CDMS- http://www.cdms.net/ • LabelsMsds/LMDefault.aspx • EPA- http://www.epa.gov/ • opp00001/regulating/ • registering/data_sources.htm • Extension Pesticide Applicator Training

19. FDACS, Division of Agricultural Environmental Services, Bureau of Pesticides- Online Pesticide Registration System Florida Pesticide Product Data 15584 Products Registered Select and Submit Search Option http://www.flpesticide.us/

20. Pesticide Resistance Steve Toth Southern Region IPM Center Tom Anderson FMC Corporation Fred Fishel UF/IFAS http://utahpests.usu.edu/ipm/files/uploads/pptdocs/05sh-pesticides-new.pdf http://miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/pdfs/pesticide_applicator/Insecticide%20Resistance.pdf

23. IRAC Insecticide Classification Acetylcholine esterase inhibitor (Carbamates, Carbaryl; Organophosphates, Malathion) GABA-gated chloride channel antagonists (Cyclodiene organochlorines, chlordane; Phenylpyrazoles, Fipronil) Sodium channel modulators (Pyrethroids, Pyrethrins, Bifenthrin; DDT, Methoxychlor, DDT) Nicotinic Acetylcholine receptor agonists (Neonicotinoids, Imidacloprid; Nicotine Nicotine; Sulfoxaflor, Sulfoxaflor Nicotinic Acetylcholine receptor allosteric activators (Spinosyns, Spinosad) Chloride channel activators (Avermectins, Abamectin; Milbemycins) Juvenile hormone mimics (Juvenile hormone analogues, Methoprene, Fenoxycarb, Pyriproxyfen) Miscellaneous nonspecific (multi-site) inhibitors (Alky halides, Methyl bromide, Chloropicrin, Sulfuryl fluoride) Selective homopteran feeding blockers (Pymetrozine, Flonicamid) Mite growth inhibitors (Clofentezine) Microbial disruptor of insect midgut membranes (Bacillus thuringiensis and the insecticidal proteins they produce; Bacillus sphaericus) Inhibitors of mitochondrial ATP synthase (Diafenthiuron; Organotin miticides, Azocyclotin) Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation via disruption of proton gradient (Chlorfenapyr; Sulfuramid) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channel blockers (Nereistoxin analogues, Bensultap) Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis, type 0 (Benzoylureas, Diflubenzuron) Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis, type 1 (Buprofezin) Moulting disruptor, Dipteran (Cyromazine) Ecdysone receptor agonists (Diacylhydrazines, Tebufenozide) Octopaminergic receptor agonists (Amitraz) Mitochondrial complex III electron transport inhibitors (Hydramethylnon) Mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitors (METI acaricides and insecticides, Fenpyroximate, Rotenone) Voltage-dependent sodium channel blockers (Indoxacarb) Inhibitors of acetyl CoA carboxylase - Lipid synthesis, growth regulation (Tetronic and Tetramic acid derivatives, Spirotetramat) Mitochondrial complex IV electron transport inhibitors (Zinc phosphide, Cyanide) Mitochondrial complex II electron transport inhibitors (Beta-ketonitrile derivatives, Cyenopyrafen) Vacant Vacant Ryanodine receptor modulators (Diamides, Chlorantraniliprole) (UN) Compounds of unknown or uncertain mode of action (Azadirachtin, Azadirachtin; Cryolite, Cryolite)

26. IPM for Potato

27. Spudman Survey- January 2012 • The top three potato varieties: • Russet Burbank • Yukon Gold • Norland http://spudman.com/downloads/2012_SpudmanSurveyResults.pdf

28. Our Healthy Grown sustainable farmers work with ecologists, conservationists and University of Wisconsin researchers to utilize and find better, less-invasive ways to manage pests and invasive plants. ~and~ Restore natural ecosystems, prevent erosion, support native plants and animals, conserve quality water, and improve potato production. • Russet • Round White • Round Red • Yellow Flesh • Blue & Purple

29. IPM Partnerships

30. Detailed Findings 2004 Purchase intent increased when shoppers heard about the Healthy Grown concept: 81% of consumers indicated they were more likely to purchase Healthy Grown after hearing it was certified environmentally-friendly, WWF endorsed and “good for you and the environment”

31. Eccounting System 10% xxxxxxx Better Toxicity Score

32. Ecological Potato Standards for 2009 Colorado Potato Beetles Wireworms Flea Beetles Leafhoppers Aphids Caterpillars Late Blight Early Blight Corky Ringspot Virus Rhizoctonia Stem Rot and Black Scurf Black Leg Root-knot nematode http://protectedharvest.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/Healthy-Grown- Potato-Standard_01_09.pdf

33. Pest Management Decisions (14 points) • Pesticides (avoided-always) • Strategy (IPM-pesticides only) • Certified applicator (yes-no) • Equipment calibrated (yes-no) • Drift management plan (yes-no)

34. Field Management Decisions (43 points) • Planting (4+ year rotation-no rotation • Distance (>1/2-mile - <1/4-mile • Planting (certified seed) • Planting (consulted seed producer) • Remote sensing (photography • Remote sensing (satellite) • Enhance biodiversity (buffers, windbreaks) • Harvest (soil temperature >45oF) • Storage (no damaged potatoes)

35. Scouting (61 Points) 1A-Method (observations-structured) 1B-Training (employee-crop advisor) 1C-Additional Scouting (employee-crop advisor) 1D-Frequency (emergence-harvest 1E-Purpose (monitor-reach threshold) 1F-Records (none-data analysis) 1G- Bonus (geo-referencing)

36. Insect Management (64 points) • Management prior to planting • Bonus- Use beneficial insects • IPM practices during the growing season • Bonus- manage habitat • Colorado potato beetle managed • Potato leafhoppers managed • Aphids managed

37. 6. Insect Management Section • 6A.Which of the following practices did you use to manage insects prior to planting this year’s crop? (check all that apply) • Culturally manage a potato insect pest (e.g. wireworm, European corn borer) in the crop planted prior to potatoes in this field. = 1 point • Select resistant or tolerant varieties. = 1 point • Avoid planting potatoes on fields adjacent to previous year's potatoes. = 3 points • Avoid using similar chemical control tactics (e.g. systemics) on fields adjacent to the previous year's potatoes for a resistance management practice. = 2 points

38. 6. Insect Management Section • 6C.Which of the following practices did you use to manage insects during the growing season: (check all that apply) • Adjust the planting date of the potatoes on this field in order to avoid insect problems. = 2 points • Select an insecticide based on preserving natural enemies. = 3 points • Manage the health of the crop to enhance its ability to with stand a degree of pest pressure. = 1 point • Plant trap crops (e.g. field edges) or use physical barriers (e.g., plastic-lined trenches) along field borders to slow the migration of Colorado potato beetles into this field. = 3 points • Use a fall trap crop (e.g. a strip of potatoes that are not vinekilled) to concentrate beetles for more efficient control of overwintering beetles. = 3 points • Avoid spraying for insects just before vinekill or harvest. = 1 point • Scout potatoes for insect pests at least weekly throughout the growing season in a systematic pattern. = 2 points • Keep field records on the density of each insect pest for long-term comparisons. = 2 points • Rotate chemistry families of insecticides specifically to avoid the emergence of resistance. = 3 point

39. Pesticide Use Lists

40. Toxicity Units Application rate X toxicity value = toxicity units Toxicity Factors have four components: (1) acute mammalian toxicity, (2) chronic mammalian toxicity, (3) ecotoxicity, (4) impacts on beneficial organisms. Total toxicity units = all compounds sprayed during the growing season Maximum toxicity units: SS = 800 toxicity units per acre for the season. LS = 1200 toxicity units per acre for the season.

41. Potential Threats to IPM Systems • Loss of pesticides • Offshore competition • Damaging weather • Population Growth • Environmentalism • Government “assistance”

42. Potential Threats to IPM Systems • Food borne illnesses • Land availability and use • Labor and immigration • Water quality and quantity • Higher operating costs (fuel) • New plant pests and diseases

43. http://ipm.ifas.ufl.edu IPM Floridaprovides statewide, interdisciplinary and inter-unit coordination and assistance for UF/IFAS integrated pest management research Extension and education faculty