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CIS 191 - Lesson 11

CIS 191 - Lesson 11. Backup and Restore. CIS 191 - Lesson 11. Backup and Restore The Backup Process. Losing data Backup Policies Devices Problems with Backup Programs Restoring Data File Permissions, Types, and Structures Defragmentation Protecting the Backup Media.

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CIS 191 - Lesson 11

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  1. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 Backup and Restore

  2. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 Backup and Restore The Backup Process • Losing data • Backup Policies • Devices • Problems with Backup Programs • Restoring Data • File Permissions, Types, and Structures • Defragmentation • Protecting the Backup Media

  3. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 Backup and Restore Losing data • How to lose data • Software bugs • Pilot errors • Hardware failures • Hackers • Many more ways … It will happen!

  4. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 Backup and Restore Backup Policies • Backup Policies (from textbook 9.1) • Perform LAN backups from one system • Label the media • Choose reasonable backup interval • Factor in modification frequency of files/filesystems • Make daily dumps fit on one piece of media • Make filesystems smaller than the backup media • Keep media off-site • Secure off-site media • Limit activity during backups • Verify your media • Pay attention to media life • Design your storage with backups in mind • Prepare for the worst

  5. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 Backup and Restore Backup devices • Tape Devices • Problems with tapes • The buffer utility • Tapes and random file access • Writable CD and DVD • CDs 650MB ($.15-30 each) • DVDs 4.7 GB ($.20-43 each) • DVDs (DL) 8.5 GB ($2-4 each) • Blu-ray 25 GB ($8-12 each) • 1-5 years to 100's of years (if stored properly) • Other Removable Media Devices • USB/Firewire • Solid state, external drives • Hard drives and RAID Arrays

  6. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 Backup and Restore Types of Data • System Data • Basic information to set and run the system • Application Software • Best to reinstall from source installation disks • Databases • Most important data types • User Data • Includes site work • User Data and Home Directories • Includes e-mail, files from home directory for personal use

  7. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 Backup and Restore Methodologies • Epoch • Arbitrary time interval that denotes a beginning • Incremental • All files that have been added or changed since epoch • Differential • Similar but easier than incremental, only uses two tapes • File ghosting • Anomaly of the backup and restoration process where deleted files turn up again!

  8. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 Backup and Restore Archive Utilities • dump/restore • Oldest and most trusted backup utility • Backs up filesystems, not files (block-based and fast) • Multiple levels of incremental backups • tar • Used to archive or backup files, directories, hard disks • cpio • Copy input/output • can use output of find command for wide range of file selection critera (by type, user, modification time, etc)

  9. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 Backup and Restore Compression Utilities • compress • Traditional compression utility • Not on CentOS 5 • zip • Used for compressing, archiving files into single archive • compatible with WinZip • gzip • Used for compressing, uncompressing files one at a time • bzip2 • New, slower, but better compression device

  10. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 Backup and Restore Backup Software Packages • AMANDA - http://www.amanda.org/ • Kbackup - http://kbackup.sourceforge.net/ • UNiBack - http://www.orbitsw.co.uk/uni_index.html • Taper - http://taper.sourceforge.net/ • Arkeia - http://www.arkeia.com/ • Rsync - http://rsync.samba.org/ • Dar & KDar - http://kdar.sourceforge.net/ • Partimage (like Ghost) - http://partimage.org/Main_Page

  11. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 Backup and Restore Backup Software Packages • AMANDA • Advanced Maryland Automatic Network Disk Archiver • Able to split backups across media • No GUI, command line only • Can backup other servers over the network • Uses native dump and tar utilities • Amanda also can use SAMBA top backup Windows hosts • http://www.amanda.org/

  12. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 Backup and Restore Backup Software Packages • Kbackup • Can use PGP to encrypt • Can use gzip or compress to compress archives • full or incremental backups • access remote devices for LAN backups • http://kbackup.sourceforge.net/

  13. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 tar

  14. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 tar command options (no – needed) files to backup c tvf x archive file tarfile tar file(s) create table of contents (view) extract v = verbose, double v (vv) provides more information Note: The full path to each file is stored in the archive and these paths are used when restoring files

  15. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 tar command Single file example [root@benji ~]# cd /opt/lampp/htdocs/ [root@benjihtdocs]# ls -l sample.html -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 194 Oct 24 10:13 sample.html [root@benjihtdocs]# cat sample.html <html> <head> <title>My first page</title> </head> <body> <h1>My first web page</h1> <p>Nothing can stop me now</p> <a href="http://google.com">My link to Google</a> </body> </html> [root@benjihtdocs]# [root@benjihtdocs]# tar cvf /root/sample.tar sample.html sample.html [root@benjihtdocs]# ls -l /root/sample.tar -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10240 Nov 22 08:56 /root/sample.tar [root@benjihtdocs]# rm sample.html rm: remove regular file `sample.html'? y [root@benjihtdocs]# tar tvf /root/sample.tar -rw-r--r-- root/root 194 2008-10-24 10:13:10 sample.html [root@benjihtdocs]# tar xvf /root/sample.tar sample.html sample.html [root@benjihtdocs]# ls -l sample.html -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 194 Oct 24 10:13 sample.html [root@benjihtdocs]# cat sample.html <html> <head> <title>My first page</title> </head> <body> <h1>My first web page</h1> <p>Nothing can stop me now</p> <a href="http://google.com">My link to Google</a> </body> </html> [root@benjihtdocs]# Backup a web page file Oops! – file gets deleted View backed up file Restore the file

  16. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 tar command Single file example verbose file to back up (requires full path) tarfile to use create • tar cvf /root/sample.tar sample.html • sample.html • tar tvf /root/sample.tar • -rw-r--r-- root/root 194 2008-10-24 10:13:10 sample.html • tar xvf /root/sample.tar sample.html • sample.html verbose tarfile to use view (table of contents) verbose file in archive to restore (requires full path) tarfile to use extract

  17. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 tar command Pay attention to the path stored in the tarfile Creating the tarfile from another directory using absolute path [root@benji ~]# tar cvf sample2.tar /opt/lampp/htdocs/sample.html tar: Removing leading `/' from member names /opt/lampp/htdocs/sample.html [root@benji ~]# tar tvf sample2.tar -rw-r--r-- root/root 194 2008-10-24 10:13:10 opt/lampp/htdocs/sample.html [root@benji ~]# [root@benji ~]# tar cvf sample2.tar ../opt/lampp/htdocs/sample.html tar: Removing leading `../' from member names ../opt/lampp/htdocs/sample.html [root@benji ~]# tar tvf sample2.tar -rw-r--r-- root/root 194 2008-10-24 10:13:10 opt/lampp/htdocs/sample.html [root@benji ~]# Note, the leading / gets stripped This path is used when restoring files Creating the tarfile from another directory using relative path path Note, the leading ../ gets stripped This path is used when restoring files

  18. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 tar command -C option -C dir -xvf tar tarfile files(s) The –C option can be used to set the starting directory for file to be restored to. Add a – to the other options as well

  19. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 tar command -C option Find file to restore in archive [root@benji ~]# tar tf htdocs.tar | grep jp.php ./xampp/lang/jp.php [root@benjilang]# cd /opt/lampp/htdocs/ [root@benjihtdocs]# tar xvf /root/htdocs.tar ./xampp/lang/jp.php ./xampp/lang/jp.php [root@benjihtdocs]# [root@benji~]# tar -C /opt/lampp/htdocs/ -xvf htdocs.tar ./xampp/lang/jp.php ./xampp/lang/jp.php [root@benji ~]# Change to the directory where the backup was made Or use the –C option to restore from another directory

  20. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 tar command Directory example [root@benjihtdocs]# tar cvf /root/htdocs.tar . ./ ./webalizer/ ./sample.html ./xampp/ ./xampp/lang.tmp ./xampp/xampp.js ./xampp/index.php ./xampp/test/ ./xampp/test/xampp_ming/ ./xampp/test/xampp_ming/gif.gif ./xampp/test/xampp_ming/jpg.jpg ./xampp/test/xampp_ming/png.png ./xampp/test/xampp_ming/bitmaps.php ./xampp/test/xampp_win.png ./xampp/test/xampp_ming.zip ./xampp/perl.pl ./xampp/guestbook-no.pl ./xampp/splash-swf.php ./xampp/guestbook-pl.pl ./xampp/ssi.shtml ./xampp/components.php ./xampp/contrib/ ./xampp/contrib/oracle.php ./xampp/contrib/cds.xml ./xampp/contrib/soap.php ./xampp/contrib/sqlite.php ./xampp/contrib/sax.php ./xampp/contrib/postgresql.pl ./xampp/contrib/interbase.pl ./xampp/contrib/mysql.php ./xampp/contrib/dom.php ./xampp/contrib/mingstats_swf.php ./xampp/contrib/mysql.pl ./xampp/contrib/testperldbi.pl ./xampp/contrib/xmlrss.php ./xampp/contrib/mingstats.html ./xampp/contrib/sql2xml.php ./xampp/contrib/sqlite.pl ./xampp/contrib/BabelSans-B.fdb ./xampp/contrib/oracle.pl ./xampp/contrib/interbase.php ./xampp/contrib/postgresql.php ./xampp/manuals.php ./xampp/cgi.cgi ./xampp/cds.php ./xampp/webalizer.php ./xampp/biorhythm.php ./xampp/AnkeCalligraph.TTF ./xampp/head.php ./xampp/guestbook-zh.pl ./xampp/start.php ./xampp/AnkeCalligraph.fdb ./xampp/mingswf.php ./xampp/mysql.php ./xampp/guestbook-nl.pl ./xampp/navi.php ./xampp/lang.php ./xampp/security.php ./xampp/lang/ ./xampp/lang/de.php ./xampp/lang/it.php ./xampp/lang/fr.php ./xampp/lang/es.php ./xampp/lang/pt_br.php ./xampp/lang/nl.php ./xampp/lang/zh.php ./xampp/lang/no.php ./xampp/lang/pl.php ./xampp/lang/en.php ./xampp/lang/languages.php ./xampp/lang/jp.php ./xampp/splash-logo.php ./xampp/langsettings.php ./xampp/.version ./xampp/status.php ./xampp/phonebook.php ./xampp/img/ ./xampp/img/rb.gif ./xampp/img/status3.gif ./xampp/img/logo-small.gif ./xampp/img/logo-small.jpg ./xampp/img/new.png ./xampp/img/signature-kay.gif ./xampp/img/lt.gif ./xampp/img/benji-500x420.jpg ./xampp/img/status4.gif ./xampp/img/rt.gif ./xampp/img/strichel.gif ./xampp/img/head-linux.gif ./xampp/img/head-xampp.gif ./xampp/img/xampp-logo.jpg ./xampp/img/head-fuer.gif ./xampp/img/head-for.gif ./xampp/img/head-solaris.gif ./xampp/img/status2.gif ./xampp/img/status1.gif ./xampp/img/head-windows.gif ./xampp/img/logo-big.gif ./xampp/img/signature-oswald.gif ./xampp/img/status5.gif ./xampp/img/blank.gif ./xampp/img/lb.gif ./xampp/img/xampp-logo-new.gif ./xampp/img/apachefriends.gif ./xampp/guestbook-es.pl ./xampp/guestbook-de.pl ./xampp/phpinfo.php ./xampp/splash.php ./xampp/guestbook-pt_br.pl ./xampp/guestbook.dat ./xampp/charset.php ./xampp/test.php ./xampp/softwarelist.inc ./xampp/guestbook-it.pl ./xampp/cds-fpdf.php ./xampp/ssi.inc ./xampp/php.php ./xampp/sqlite/ ./xampp/sqlite/cdcol ./xampp/sqlite/phonebook.sqlite ./xampp/sqlite/.htaccess ./xampp/xampp.css ./xampp/ming.php ./xampp/showcode.php ./xampp/guestbook-fr.pl ./xampp/guestbook-en.pl ./xampp/iart.php ./.hidden ./favicon.ico ./index.html [root@benjihtdocs]# rmxampp/iart.php .hidden sample.html rm: remove regular file `xampp/iart.php'? y rm: remove regular empty file `.hidden'? y rm: remove regular file `sample.html'? y [root@benjihtdocs]# tar tvf /root/htdocs.tar ./xampp/iart.php ./.hidden ./sample.html -rw-r--r-- root/root 194 2008-10-24 10:13:10 ./sample.html -rw-r--r-- root/root 3004 2006-11-10 08:57:01 ./xampp/iart.php -rw-r--r-- root/root 0 2008-11-22 09:23:17 ./.hidden [root@benjihtdocs]# tar xvf /root/htdocs.tar ./xampp/iart.php ./.hidden ./sample.html ./sample.html ./xampp/iart.php ./.hidden Backup up files (including hidden and sub-directories) starting from "here" Note how tar saves full path for each file backed up Delete some files Verify they were backed up Restore the files that were deleted

  21. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 tarfile to use tar command Directory example create files to back up (starting point) verbose tar cvf /root/htdocs.tar . ./ ./webalizer/ ./sample.html ./xampp/ ./xampp/lang.tmp ./xampp/xampp.js ./xampp/index.php ./xampp/test/ ./xampp/test/xampp_ming/ ./xampp/test/xampp_ming/gif.gif ./xampp/test/xampp_ming/jpg.jpg ./xampp/test/xampp_ming/png.png ./xampp/test/xampp_ming/bitmaps.php ./xampp/test/xampp_win.png ./xampp/test/xampp_ming.zip ./xampp/perl.pl ./xampp/guestbook-no.pl ./xampp/splash-swf.php ./xampp/guestbook-pl.pl ./xampp/ssi.shtml ./xampp/components.php ./xampp/contrib/ ./xampp/contrib/oracle.php ./xampp/contrib/cds.xml ./xampp/contrib/soap.php ./xampp/contrib/sqlite.php ./xampp/contrib/sax.php ./xampp/contrib/postgresql.pl ./xampp/contrib/interbase.pl ./xampp/contrib/mysql.php ./xampp/contrib/dom.php ./xampp/contrib/mingstats_swf.php ./xampp/contrib/mysql.pl ./xampp/contrib/testperldbi.pl ./xampp/guestbook-es.pl ./xampp/guestbook-de.pl ./xampp/phpinfo.php ./xampp/splash.php ./xampp/guestbook-pt_br.pl ./xampp/guestbook.dat ./xampp/charset.php ./xampp/test.php ./xampp/softwarelist.inc ./xampp/guestbook-it.pl ./xampp/cds-fpdf.php ./xampp/ssi.inc ./xampp/php.php ./xampp/sqlite/ ./xampp/sqlite/cdcol ./xampp/sqlite/phonebook.sqlite ./xampp/sqlite/.htaccess ./xampp/xampp.css ./xampp/ming.php ./xampp/showcode.php ./xampp/guestbook-fr.pl ./xampp/guestbook-en.pl ./xampp/iart.php ./.hidden ./favicon.ico ./index.html ./xampp/contrib/xmlrss.php ./xampp/contrib/mingstats.html ./xampp/contrib/sql2xml.php ./xampp/contrib/sqlite.pl ./xampp/contrib/BabelSans-B.fdb ./xampp/contrib/oracle.pl ./xampp/contrib/interbase.php ./xampp/contrib/postgresql.php ./xampp/manuals.php ./xampp/cgi.cgi ./xampp/cds.php ./xampp/webalizer.php ./xampp/biorhythm.php ./xampp/AnkeCalligraph.TTF ./xampp/head.php ./xampp/guestbook-zh.pl ./xampp/start.php ./xampp/AnkeCalligraph.fdb ./xampp/mingswf.php ./xampp/mysql.php ./xampp/guestbook-nl.pl ./xampp/navi.php ./xampp/lang.php ./xampp/security.php ./xampp/lang/ ./xampp/lang/de.php ./xampp/lang/it.php ./xampp/lang/fr.php ./xampp/lang/es.php ./xampp/lang/pt_br.php ./xampp/lang/nl.php ./xampp/lang/zh.php ./xampp/lang/no.php ./xampp/lang/pl.php ./xampp/lang/languages.php ./xampp/lang/jp.php ./xampp/splash-logo.php ./xampp/langsettings.php ./xampp/.version ./xampp/status.php ./xampp/phonebook.php ./xampp/img/ ./xampp/img/rb.gif ./xampp/img/status3.gif ./xampp/img/logo-small.gif ./xampp/img/logo-small.jpg ./xampp/img/new.png ./xampp/img/signature-kay.gif ./xampp/img/lt.gif ./xampp/img/benji-500x420.jpg ./xampp/img/status4.gif ./xampp/img/rt.gif ./xampp/img/strichel.gif ./xampp/img/head-linux.gif ./xampp/img/head-xampp.gif ./xampp/img/xampp-logo.jpg ./xampp/img/head-fuer.gif ./xampp/img/head-for.gif ./xampp/img/head-solaris.gif ./xampp/img/status2.gif ./xampp/img/status1.gif ./xampp/img/head-windows.gif ./xampp/img/logo-big.gif ./xampp/img/signature-oswald.gif ./xampp/img/status5.gif ./xampp/img/blank.gif ./xampp/img/lb.gif ./xampp/img/xampp-logo-new.gif

  22. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 tar command Directory example view (table of contents) verbose tarfile Files to find in archive [root@benjihtdocs]# tar tvf /root/htdocs.tar ./xampp/iart.php ./.hidden ./sample.html -rw-r--r-- root/root 194 2008-10-24 10:13:10 ./sample.html -rw-r--r-- root/root 3004 2006-11-10 08:57:01 ./xampp/iart.php -rw-r--r-- root/root 0 2008-11-22 09:23:17 ./.hidden [root@benjihtdocs]# tar xvf /root/htdocs.tar ./xampp/iart.php ./.hidden ./sample.html ./sample.html ./xampp/iart.php ./.hidden verbose extract tarfile Files to find to extract

  23. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 tar command Size can differ between tarfile and backed up file • Tarfiles • Tarfile can be smaller than backed up file as it only saves the date, not unused portion of data blocks • Tarfile can be larger if backed up file is a sparse file • Additional empty blocks can be added to tar version

  24. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 tar command du size can differ between tarfile and backed up file • Tarfiles • Additional empty blocks can be added to tar version [root@benji log]# cp messages /root; tar cvf /root/messages.tar messages; tar -cSvf /root/messagesS.tar messages [root@benji ~]# ls -l messages /var/log/messages sparse/messages nosparse/messages -rw------- 1 root root127538 Nov 22 08:20 messages -rw------- 1 root root127538 Nov 22 08:13 nosparse/messages -rw------- 1 root root127538 Nov 22 08:13 sparse/messages -rw------- 1 root root127538 Nov 22 08:13 /var/log/messages [root@benji ~]# [root@benji ~]# du messages /var/log/messages sparse/messages nosparse/messages 136 messages 127 /var/log/messages 136 sparse/messages 136nosparse/messages ls command show same size for original, copy and tar extracts original file original file du report shows more disk space used than original for copy and tar extracts Note: the –s option is to handle sparse files (discussed later)

  25. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 tar command Size can differ between tarfile and backed up file • Tarfiles • Additional empty blocks can be added to tar version [root@benji ~]# stat messages /var/log/messages sparse/messages nosparse/messages File: `messages' Size: 127538 Blocks: 272 IO Block: 4096 regular file <snipped> File: `/var/log/messages' Size: 127538 Blocks: 254 IO Block: 4096 regular file <snipped> File: `sparse/messages' Size: 127538 Blocks: 272 IO Block: 4096 regular file <snipped> File: `nosparse/messages' Size: 127538 Blocks: 272 IO Block: 4096 regular file <snipped> [root@benji ~]# stat command shows copy and files extracted from tarfile have additional blocks which explains why file size is the same but disk usage is higher.

  26. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 tar command sparse files • Sparse Files • Null blocks (containing only zeroes) are not stored on the disk • Can be problematic if utilities don't recognize them [root@benji ~]# cd /var/log [root@benji log]# ls -l lastlog -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 234476 Nov 22 05:18 lastlog [root@benji log]# du -h lastlog 16K lastlog Note the reduced size of the file actually stored on the disk using du –h command

  27. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 tar command sparse files • Sparse Files • tar command without using the sparse option (-S) for sparse file [root@benji ~]# cd /var/log [root@benji log]# tar cvf /root/lastlog.tar lastlog lastlog [root@benji log]# cd /root [root@benji ~]# ls -l lastlog.tar -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 245760 Nov 22 05:19 lastlog.tar [root@benji ~]# du -h lastlog.tar 248K lastlog.tar [root@benji ~]# tar xvf lastlog.tar lastlog [root@benji ~]# ls -l lastlog -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 234476 Nov 22 05:18 lastlog [root@benji ~]# du -h lastlog 240K lastlog The tarfile has expanded all the null blocks increasing disk space usage

  28. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 tar command sparse files • Sparse Files • tar command using the sparse option (-S) with sparse file [root@benji ~]# cd /var/log [root@benji log]# tar cSvf /root/lastlog2.tar lastlog lastlog [root@benji log]# cd /root [root@benji ~]# tar xvf lastlog2.tar lastlog [root@benji ~]# ls -l lastlog -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 234476 Nov 22 05:18 lastlog [root@benji ~]# du -h lastlog 20K lastlog [root@benji ~]# Using the -S option, the tar command handles the sparse file efficiently

  29. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 tar command compression c t vf x z j tarfile tar file(s) -C dir The z option uses gzip compresssion and the j option uses bzip2 compression bzip2 is slower, but compresses more gzip is faster, but compreses less

  30. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 tar command compression [root@benjihtdocs]# tar cvf /opt/lampp/backup/htdocs.tar . ./ ./webalizer/ ./sample.html ./xampp/ ./xampp/lang.tmp ./xampp/xampp.js ./xampp/index.php ./xampp/test/ ./xampp/test/xampp_ming/ ./xampp/test/xampp_ming/gif.gif ./xampp/test/xampp_ming/jpg.jpg ./xampp/test/xampp_ming/png.png ./xampp/test/xampp_ming/bitmaps.php ./xampp/test/xampp_win.png ./xampp/test/xampp_ming.zip ./xampp/perl.pl ./xampp/guestbook-no.pl ./xampp/splash-swf.php ./xampp/guestbook-pl.pl ./xampp/ssi.shtml ./xampp/components.php ./xampp/contrib/ ./xampp/contrib/oracle.php ./xampp/contrib/cds.xml ./xampp/contrib/soap.php ./xampp/contrib/sqlite.php ./xampp/contrib/sax.php ./xampp/contrib/postgresql.pl ./xampp/contrib/interbase.pl ./xampp/contrib/mysql.php ./xampp/contrib/dom.php ./xampp/contrib/mingstats_swf.php ./xampp/contrib/mysql.pl ./xampp/contrib/testperldbi.pl ./xampp/contrib/xmlrss.php ./xampp/contrib/mingstats.html ./xampp/contrib/sql2xml.php ./xampp/contrib/sqlite.pl ./xampp/contrib/BabelSans-B.fdb ./xampp/contrib/oracle.pl ./xampp/contrib/interbase.php ./xampp/contrib/postgresql.php ./xampp/manuals.php ./xampp/cgi.cgi ./xampp/cds.php ./xampp/webalizer.php ./xampp/biorhythm.php ./xampp/AnkeCalligraph.TTF ./xampp/head.php ./xampp/guestbook-zh.pl ./xampp/start.php ./xampp/AnkeCalligraph.fdb ./xampp/mingswf.php ./xampp/mysql.php ./xampp/guestbook-nl.pl ./xampp/navi.php ./xampp/lang.php ./xampp/security.php ./xampp/lang/ ./xampp/lang/de.php ./xampp/lang/it.php ./xampp/lang/fr.php ./xampp/lang/es.php ./xampp/lang/pt_br.php ./xampp/lang/nl.php ./xampp/lang/zh.php ./xampp/lang/no.php ./xampp/lang/pl.php ./xampp/lang/en.php ./xampp/lang/languages.php ./xampp/lang/jp.php ./xampp/splash-logo.php ./xampp/langsettings.php ./xampp/.version ./xampp/status.php ./xampp/phonebook.php ./xampp/img/ ./xampp/img/rb.gif ./xampp/img/status3.gif ./xampp/img/logo-small.gif ./xampp/img/logo-small.jpg ./xampp/img/new.png ./xampp/img/signature-kay.gif ./xampp/img/lt.gif ./xampp/img/benji-500x420.jpg ./xampp/img/status4.gif ./xampp/img/rt.gif ./xampp/img/strichel.gif ./xampp/img/head-linux.gif ./xampp/img/head-xampp.gif ./xampp/img/xampp-logo.jpg ./xampp/img/head-fuer.gif ./xampp/img/head-for.gif ./xampp/img/head-solaris.gif ./xampp/img/status2.gif ./xampp/img/status1.gif ./xampp/img/head-windows.gif ./xampp/img/logo-big.gif ./xampp/img/signature-oswald.gif ./xampp/img/status5.gif ./xampp/img/blank.gif ./xampp/img/lb.gif ./xampp/img/xampp-logo-new.gif ./xampp/img/apachefriends.gif ./xampp/guestbook-es.pl ./xampp/guestbook-de.pl ./xampp/phpinfo.php ./xampp/splash.php ./xampp/guestbook-pt_br.pl ./xampp/guestbook.dat ./xampp/charset.php ./xampp/test.php ./xampp/softwarelist.inc ./xampp/guestbook-it.pl ./xampp/cds-fpdf.php ./xampp/ssi.inc ./xampp/php.php ./xampp/sqlite/ ./xampp/sqlite/cdcol ./xampp/sqlite/phonebook.sqlite ./xampp/sqlite/.htaccess ./xampp/xampp.css ./xampp/ming.php ./xampp/showcode.php ./xampp/guestbook-fr.pl ./xampp/guestbook-en.pl ./xampp/iart.php ./.hidden ./favicon.ico ./index.html [root@benjihtdocs]# [root@benji backup]# ls -l htdocs.tar; du -h htdocs.tar -rw-r--r-- 1 root root706560 Nov 22 13:13 htdocs.tar 695K htdocs.tar [root@benji backup]# Backing up htdocs with no compression

  31. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 tar command compression [root@benjihtdocs]# tar cvf /opt/lampp/backup/htdocs2.tar . ./ ./webalizer/ ./sample.html ./xampp/ ./xampp/lang.tmp ./xampp/xampp.js ./xampp/index.php ./xampp/test/ ./xampp/test/xampp_ming/ ./xampp/test/xampp_ming/gif.gif ./xampp/test/xampp_ming/jpg.jpg ./xampp/test/xampp_ming/png.png ./xampp/test/xampp_ming/bitmaps.php ./xampp/test/xampp_win.png ./xampp/test/xampp_ming.zip ./xampp/perl.pl ./xampp/guestbook-no.pl ./xampp/splash-swf.php ./xampp/guestbook-pl.pl ./xampp/ssi.shtml ./xampp/components.php ./xampp/contrib/ ./xampp/contrib/oracle.php ./xampp/contrib/cds.xml ./xampp/contrib/soap.php ./xampp/contrib/sqlite.php ./xampp/contrib/sax.php ./xampp/contrib/postgresql.pl ./xampp/contrib/interbase.pl ./xampp/contrib/mysql.php ./xampp/contrib/dom.php ./xampp/contrib/mingstats_swf.php ./xampp/contrib/mysql.pl ./xampp/contrib/testperldbi.pl ./xampp/contrib/xmlrss.php ./xampp/contrib/mingstats.html ./xampp/contrib/sql2xml.php ./xampp/contrib/sqlite.pl ./xampp/contrib/BabelSans-B.fdb ./xampp/contrib/oracle.pl ./xampp/contrib/interbase.php ./xampp/contrib/postgresql.php ./xampp/manuals.php ./xampp/cgi.cgi ./xampp/cds.php ./xampp/webalizer.php ./xampp/biorhythm.php ./xampp/AnkeCalligraph.TTF ./xampp/head.php ./xampp/guestbook-zh.pl ./xampp/start.php ./xampp/AnkeCalligraph.fdb ./xampp/mingswf.php ./xampp/mysql.php ./xampp/guestbook-nl.pl ./xampp/navi.php ./xampp/lang.php ./xampp/security.php ./xampp/lang/ ./xampp/lang/de.php ./xampp/lang/it.php ./xampp/lang/fr.php ./xampp/lang/es.php ./xampp/lang/pt_br.php ./xampp/lang/nl.php ./xampp/lang/zh.php ./xampp/lang/no.php ./xampp/lang/pl.php ./xampp/lang/en.php ./xampp/lang/languages.php ./xampp/lang/jp.php ./xampp/splash-logo.php ./xampp/langsettings.php ./xampp/.version ./xampp/status.php ./xampp/phonebook.php ./xampp/img/ ./xampp/img/rb.gif ./xampp/img/status3.gif ./xampp/img/logo-small.gif ./xampp/img/logo-small.jpg ./xampp/img/new.png ./xampp/img/signature-kay.gif ./xampp/img/lt.gif ./xampp/img/benji-500x420.jpg ./xampp/img/status4.gif ./xampp/img/rt.gif ./xampp/img/strichel.gif ./xampp/img/head-linux.gif ./xampp/img/head-xampp.gif ./xampp/img/xampp-logo.jpg ./xampp/img/head-fuer.gif ./xampp/img/head-for.gif ./xampp/img/head-solaris.gif ./xampp/img/status2.gif ./xampp/img/status1.gif ./xampp/img/head-windows.gif ./xampp/img/logo-big.gif ./xampp/img/signature-oswald.gif ./xampp/img/status5.gif ./xampp/img/blank.gif ./xampp/img/lb.gif ./xampp/img/xampp-logo-new.gif ./xampp/img/apachefriends.gif ./xampp/guestbook-es.pl ./xampp/guestbook-de.pl ./xampp/phpinfo.php ./xampp/splash.php ./xampp/guestbook-pt_br.pl ./xampp/guestbook.dat ./xampp/charset.php ./xampp/test.php ./xampp/softwarelist.inc ./xampp/guestbook-it.pl ./xampp/cds-fpdf.php ./xampp/ssi.inc ./xampp/php.php ./xampp/sqlite/ ./xampp/sqlite/cdcol ./xampp/sqlite/phonebook.sqlite ./xampp/sqlite/.htaccess ./xampp/xampp.css ./xampp/ming.php ./xampp/showcode.php ./xampp/guestbook-fr.pl ./xampp/guestbook-en.pl ./xampp/iart.php ./.hidden ./favicon.ico ./index.html [root@benjihtdocs]# gzip ../backup/htdocs2.tar [root@benji backup]# ls -l htdocs2.tar.gz; du -h htdocs2.tar.gz -rw-r--r-- 1 root root343760 Nov 22 13:15 htdocs2.tar.gz 340K htdocs2.tar.gz [root@benji backup]# Post-compression using gzip of archive

  32. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 tar command compression [root@benjihtdocs]# tar cvf /opt/lampp/backup/htdocs2.tar . ./ ./webalizer/ ./sample.html ./xampp/ ./xampp/lang.tmp ./xampp/xampp.js ./xampp/index.php ./xampp/test/ ./xampp/test/xampp_ming/ ./xampp/test/xampp_ming/gif.gif ./xampp/test/xampp_ming/jpg.jpg ./xampp/test/xampp_ming/png.png ./xampp/test/xampp_ming/bitmaps.php ./xampp/test/xampp_win.png ./xampp/test/xampp_ming.zip ./xampp/perl.pl ./xampp/guestbook-no.pl ./xampp/splash-swf.php ./xampp/guestbook-pl.pl ./xampp/ssi.shtml ./xampp/components.php ./xampp/contrib/ ./xampp/contrib/oracle.php ./xampp/contrib/cds.xml ./xampp/contrib/soap.php ./xampp/contrib/sqlite.php ./xampp/contrib/sax.php ./xampp/contrib/postgresql.pl ./xampp/contrib/interbase.pl ./xampp/contrib/mysql.php ./xampp/contrib/dom.php ./xampp/contrib/mingstats_swf.php ./xampp/contrib/mysql.pl ./xampp/contrib/testperldbi.pl ./xampp/contrib/xmlrss.php ./xampp/contrib/mingstats.html ./xampp/contrib/sql2xml.php ./xampp/contrib/sqlite.pl ./xampp/contrib/BabelSans-B.fdb ./xampp/contrib/oracle.pl ./xampp/contrib/interbase.php ./xampp/contrib/postgresql.php ./xampp/manuals.php ./xampp/cgi.cgi ./xampp/cds.php ./xampp/webalizer.php ./xampp/biorhythm.php ./xampp/AnkeCalligraph.TTF ./xampp/head.php ./xampp/guestbook-zh.pl ./xampp/start.php ./xampp/AnkeCalligraph.fdb ./xampp/mingswf.php ./xampp/mysql.php ./xampp/guestbook-nl.pl ./xampp/navi.php ./xampp/lang.php ./xampp/security.php ./xampp/lang/ ./xampp/lang/de.php ./xampp/lang/it.php ./xampp/lang/fr.php ./xampp/lang/es.php ./xampp/lang/pt_br.php ./xampp/lang/nl.php ./xampp/lang/zh.php ./xampp/lang/no.php ./xampp/lang/pl.php ./xampp/lang/en.php ./xampp/lang/languages.php ./xampp/lang/jp.php ./xampp/splash-logo.php ./xampp/langsettings.php ./xampp/.version ./xampp/status.php ./xampp/phonebook.php ./xampp/img/ ./xampp/img/rb.gif ./xampp/img/status3.gif ./xampp/img/logo-small.gif ./xampp/img/logo-small.jpg ./xampp/img/new.png ./xampp/img/signature-kay.gif ./xampp/img/lt.gif ./xampp/img/benji-500x420.jpg ./xampp/img/status4.gif ./xampp/img/rt.gif ./xampp/img/strichel.gif ./xampp/img/head-linux.gif ./xampp/img/head-xampp.gif ./xampp/img/xampp-logo.jpg ./xampp/img/head-fuer.gif ./xampp/img/head-for.gif ./xampp/img/head-solaris.gif ./xampp/img/status2.gif ./xampp/img/status1.gif ./xampp/img/head-windows.gif ./xampp/img/logo-big.gif ./xampp/img/signature-oswald.gif ./xampp/img/status5.gif ./xampp/img/blank.gif ./xampp/img/lb.gif ./xampp/img/xampp-logo-new.gif ./xampp/img/apachefriends.gif ./xampp/guestbook-es.pl ./xampp/guestbook-de.pl ./xampp/phpinfo.php ./xampp/splash.php ./xampp/guestbook-pt_br.pl ./xampp/guestbook.dat ./xampp/charset.php ./xampp/test.php ./xampp/softwarelist.inc ./xampp/guestbook-it.pl ./xampp/cds-fpdf.php ./xampp/ssi.inc ./xampp/php.php ./xampp/sqlite/ ./xampp/sqlite/cdcol ./xampp/sqlite/phonebook.sqlite ./xampp/sqlite/.htaccess ./xampp/xampp.css ./xampp/ming.php ./xampp/showcode.php ./xampp/guestbook-fr.pl ./xampp/guestbook-en.pl ./xampp/iart.php ./.hidden ./favicon.ico ./index.html [root@benjihtdocs]# bzip2 ../backup/htdocs2.tar [root@benji backup]# ls -l htdocs2.tar.bz2; du -h htdocs2.tar.bz2 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root340646 Nov 22 13:18 htdocs2.tar.bz2 337K htdocs2.tar.bz2 [root@benji backup]# Post-compression using bzip2 of archive

  33. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 tar command compression [root@benjihtdocs]# tar czvf /opt/lampp/backup/htdocs.tar.gz . ./ ./webalizer/ ./sample.html ./xampp/ ./xampp/lang.tmp ./xampp/xampp.js ./xampp/index.php ./xampp/test/ ./xampp/test/xampp_ming/ ./xampp/test/xampp_ming/gif.gif ./xampp/test/xampp_ming/jpg.jpg ./xampp/test/xampp_ming/png.png ./xampp/test/xampp_ming/bitmaps.php ./xampp/test/xampp_win.png ./xampp/test/xampp_ming.zip ./xampp/perl.pl ./xampp/guestbook-no.pl ./xampp/splash-swf.php ./xampp/guestbook-pl.pl ./xampp/ssi.shtml ./xampp/components.php ./xampp/contrib/ ./xampp/contrib/oracle.php ./xampp/contrib/cds.xml ./xampp/contrib/soap.php ./xampp/contrib/sqlite.php ./xampp/contrib/sax.php ./xampp/contrib/postgresql.pl ./xampp/contrib/interbase.pl ./xampp/contrib/mysql.php ./xampp/contrib/dom.php ./xampp/contrib/mingstats_swf.php ./xampp/contrib/mysql.pl ./xampp/contrib/testperldbi.pl ./xampp/contrib/xmlrss.php ./xampp/contrib/mingstats.html ./xampp/contrib/sql2xml.php ./xampp/contrib/sqlite.pl ./xampp/contrib/BabelSans-B.fdb ./xampp/contrib/oracle.pl ./xampp/contrib/interbase.php ./xampp/contrib/postgresql.php ./xampp/manuals.php ./xampp/cgi.cgi ./xampp/cds.php ./xampp/webalizer.php ./xampp/biorhythm.php ./xampp/AnkeCalligraph.TTF ./xampp/head.php ./xampp/guestbook-zh.pl ./xampp/start.php ./xampp/AnkeCalligraph.fdb ./xampp/mingswf.php ./xampp/mysql.php ./xampp/guestbook-nl.pl ./xampp/navi.php ./xampp/lang.php ./xampp/security.php ./xampp/lang/ ./xampp/lang/de.php ./xampp/lang/it.php ./xampp/lang/fr.php ./xampp/lang/es.php ./xampp/lang/pt_br.php ./xampp/lang/nl.php ./xampp/lang/zh.php ./xampp/lang/no.php ./xampp/lang/pl.php ./xampp/lang/en.php ./xampp/lang/languages.php ./xampp/lang/jp.php ./xampp/splash-logo.php ./xampp/langsettings.php ./xampp/.version ./xampp/status.php ./xampp/phonebook.php ./xampp/img/ ./xampp/img/rb.gif ./xampp/img/status3.gif ./xampp/img/logo-small.gif ./xampp/img/logo-small.jpg ./xampp/img/new.png ./xampp/img/signature-kay.gif ./xampp/img/lt.gif ./xampp/img/benji-500x420.jpg ./xampp/img/status4.gif ./xampp/img/rt.gif ./xampp/img/strichel.gif ./xampp/img/head-linux.gif ./xampp/img/head-xampp.gif ./xampp/img/xampp-logo.jpg ./xampp/img/head-fuer.gif ./xampp/img/head-for.gif ./xampp/img/head-solaris.gif ./xampp/img/status2.gif ./xampp/img/status1.gif ./xampp/img/head-windows.gif ./xampp/img/logo-big.gif ./xampp/img/signature-oswald.gif ./xampp/img/status5.gif ./xampp/img/blank.gif ./xampp/img/lb.gif ./xampp/img/xampp-logo-new.gif ./xampp/img/apachefriends.gif ./xampp/guestbook-es.pl ./xampp/guestbook-de.pl ./xampp/phpinfo.php ./xampp/splash.php ./xampp/guestbook-pt_br.pl ./xampp/guestbook.dat ./xampp/charset.php ./xampp/test.php ./xampp/softwarelist.inc ./xampp/guestbook-it.pl ./xampp/cds-fpdf.php ./xampp/ssi.inc ./xampp/php.php ./xampp/sqlite/ ./xampp/sqlite/cdcol ./xampp/sqlite/phonebook.sqlite ./xampp/sqlite/.htaccess ./xampp/xampp.css ./xampp/ming.php ./xampp/showcode.php ./xampp/guestbook-fr.pl ./xampp/guestbook-en.pl ./xampp/iart.php ./.hidden ./favicon.ico ./index.html [root@benjihtdocs]# [root@benji backup]# ls -l htdocs.tar.gz; du -h htdocs.tar.gz -rw-r--r-- 1 root root343748 Nov 22 13:13 htdocs.tar.gz 340Khtdocs.tar.gz [root@benji backup]# Using gzip compression option

  34. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 tar command compression [root@benjihtdocs]# tar cjvf /opt/lampp/backup/htdocs.tar.bz2 . ./ ./webalizer/ ./sample.html ./xampp/ ./xampp/lang.tmp ./xampp/xampp.js ./xampp/index.php ./xampp/test/ ./xampp/test/xampp_ming/ ./xampp/test/xampp_ming/gif.gif ./xampp/test/xampp_ming/jpg.jpg ./xampp/test/xampp_ming/png.png ./xampp/test/xampp_ming/bitmaps.php ./xampp/test/xampp_win.png ./xampp/test/xampp_ming.zip ./xampp/perl.pl ./xampp/guestbook-no.pl ./xampp/splash-swf.php ./xampp/guestbook-pl.pl ./xampp/ssi.shtml ./xampp/components.php ./xampp/contrib/ ./xampp/contrib/oracle.php ./xampp/contrib/cds.xml ./xampp/contrib/soap.php ./xampp/contrib/sqlite.php ./xampp/contrib/sax.php ./xampp/contrib/postgresql.pl ./xampp/contrib/interbase.pl ./xampp/contrib/mysql.php ./xampp/contrib/dom.php ./xampp/contrib/mingstats_swf.php ./xampp/contrib/mysql.pl ./xampp/contrib/testperldbi.pl ./xampp/contrib/xmlrss.php ./xampp/contrib/mingstats.html ./xampp/contrib/sql2xml.php ./xampp/contrib/sqlite.pl ./xampp/contrib/BabelSans-B.fdb ./xampp/contrib/oracle.pl ./xampp/contrib/interbase.php ./xampp/contrib/postgresql.php ./xampp/manuals.php ./xampp/cgi.cgi ./xampp/cds.php ./xampp/webalizer.php ./xampp/biorhythm.php ./xampp/AnkeCalligraph.TTF ./xampp/head.php ./xampp/guestbook-zh.pl ./xampp/start.php ./xampp/AnkeCalligraph.fdb ./xampp/mingswf.php ./xampp/mysql.php ./xampp/guestbook-nl.pl ./xampp/navi.php ./xampp/lang.php ./xampp/security.php ./xampp/lang/ ./xampp/lang/de.php ./xampp/lang/it.php ./xampp/lang/fr.php ./xampp/lang/es.php ./xampp/lang/pt_br.php ./xampp/lang/nl.php ./xampp/lang/zh.php ./xampp/lang/no.php ./xampp/lang/pl.php ./xampp/lang/en.php ./xampp/lang/languages.php ./xampp/lang/jp.php ./xampp/splash-logo.php ./xampp/langsettings.php ./xampp/.version ./xampp/status.php ./xampp/phonebook.php ./xampp/img/ ./xampp/img/rb.gif ./xampp/img/status3.gif ./xampp/img/logo-small.gif ./xampp/img/logo-small.jpg ./xampp/img/new.png ./xampp/img/signature-kay.gif ./xampp/img/lt.gif ./xampp/img/benji-500x420.jpg ./xampp/img/status4.gif ./xampp/img/rt.gif ./xampp/img/strichel.gif ./xampp/img/head-linux.gif ./xampp/img/head-xampp.gif ./xampp/img/xampp-logo.jpg ./xampp/img/head-fuer.gif ./xampp/img/head-for.gif ./xampp/img/head-solaris.gif ./xampp/img/status2.gif ./xampp/img/status1.gif ./xampp/img/head-windows.gif ./xampp/img/logo-big.gif ./xampp/img/signature-oswald.gif ./xampp/img/status5.gif ./xampp/img/blank.gif ./xampp/img/lb.gif ./xampp/img/xampp-logo-new.gif ./xampp/img/apachefriends.gif ./xampp/guestbook-es.pl ./xampp/guestbook-de.pl ./xampp/phpinfo.php ./xampp/splash.php ./xampp/guestbook-pt_br.pl ./xampp/guestbook.dat ./xampp/charset.php ./xampp/test.php ./xampp/softwarelist.inc ./xampp/guestbook-it.pl ./xampp/cds-fpdf.php ./xampp/ssi.inc ./xampp/php.php ./xampp/sqlite/ ./xampp/sqlite/cdcol ./xampp/sqlite/phonebook.sqlite ./xampp/sqlite/.htaccess ./xampp/xampp.css ./xampp/ming.php ./xampp/showcode.php ./xampp/guestbook-fr.pl ./xampp/guestbook-en.pl ./xampp/iart.php ./.hidden ./favicon.ico ./index.html [root@benjihtdocs]# [root@benji backup]# ls -l htdocs.tar.bz2; du -h htdocs.tar.bz2 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root340646 Nov 22 13:14 htdocs.tar.bz2 337K htdocs.tar.bz2 [root@benji backup]# Using the bzip2 compression option

  35. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 tar command compression [root@benji backup]# ls -Slr total 2049 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 340646 Nov 22 13:14 htdocs.tar.bz2 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 340646 Nov 22 13:18 htdocs2.tar.bz2 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 343748 Nov 22 13:13 htdocs.tar.gz -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 343760 Nov 22 13:15 htdocs2.tar.gz -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 706560 Nov 22 13:13 htdocs.tar [root@benji backup]# 2 steps • Conclusions: • compression option slightly better than two steps • bzip2 compresses more that gzip

  36. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 tar command compression [root@benjihtdocs]# rm sample.html rm: remove regular file `sample.html'? y [root@benjihtdocs]# tar xvf ../backup/htdocs.tar.gz ./sample.html ./sample.html [root@benjihtdocs]# cat sample.html <html> <head> <title>My first page</title> </head> <body> <h1>My first web page</h1> <p>Nothing can stop me now</p> <a href="http://google.com">My link to Google</a> </body> </html> FYI, not specifying the z option still works when restoring a file

  37. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 tar command compression [root@benjihtdocs]# rm sample.html rm: remove regular file `sample.html'? y [root@benjihtdocs]# tar xvf ../backup/htdocs.tar.bz2 ./sample.html ./sample.html [root@benjihtdocs]# cat sample.html <html> <head> <title>My first page</title> </head> <body> <h1>My first web page</h1> <p>Nothing can stop me now</p> <a href="http://google.com">My link to Google</a> </body> </html> [root@benjihtdocs]# FYI, not specifying the j option still works when restoring a file

  38. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 tar command compression c t vf x z j tarfile device tar file(s) Backups can be made to devices as well

  39. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 tar command using devices [root@benji bin]# fdisk /dev/sda Command (m for help): n First cylinder (582-652, default 582): Using default value 582 Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (582-652, default 652): +500M Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sda: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 652 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 382 3068383+ 83 Linux /dev/sda2 383 447 522112+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda3 448 511 514080 83 Linux /dev/sda4 512 652 1132582+ 5 Extended /dev/sda5 512 549 305203+ 83 Linux /dev/sda6 550 556 56196 83 Linux /dev/sda7 557 581 200781 83 Linux /dev/sda8 582 643 497983+ 83 Linux Command (m for help): Make a 500 MB partition

  40. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 tar command using devices Command (m for help): x Expert command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy. The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at the next reboot. Syncing disks. [root@benji bin]# partprobe [root@benji bin]# Use partprobe so kernel will use new partition table

  41. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 tar command using devices Change to the directory to back up. Note /dev/sda8 is not mounted [root@benji opt]# tar cvzf /dev/sda8 . 2> /root/errors > /root/optfiles [root@benji opt]# wc -l /root/errors /root/optfiles 3 /root/errors 13282 /root/optfiles 13285 total [root@benji opt]# [root@benji opt]# cat /root/errors tar: ./lampp/logs/cgisock.2381: socket ignored tar: ./lampp/logs/cgisock.2404: socket ignored tar: ./lampp/var/mysql/mysql.sock: socket ignored You don't need to backup socket files. They are created automatically by the kernel when needed

  42. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 tar command using devices [root@benji opt]# cdlampp/htdocs [root@benjihtdocs]# rm sample.html rm: remove regular file `sample.html'? [root@benjihtdocs]# cd /opt [root@benji opt]# tar tvzf /dev/sda8 | grep sample.html -rw-r--r-- root/root 194 2008-10-24 10:13:10 ./lampp/htdocs/sample.html [root@benji opt]# tar xvzf /dev/sda8 ./lampp/htdocs/sample.html ./lampp/htdocs/sample.html [root@benji opt]# cat lampp/htdocs/sample.html <html> <head> <title>My first page</title> </head> <body> <h1>My first web page</h1> <p>Nothing can stop me now</p> <a href="http://google.com">My link to Google</a> </body> </html> [root@benji opt]# Oops! …. file gets deleted Finding file in archive Restoring deleted file from backup archive on a device Viewing restored file

  43. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 tar command Examples Perform full backup of entire file tree # init 1 # cd / # tar cpvf /dev/sdb [!p]* .autofsck Don't backup and restore /proc (this is real time kernel data) !! # tar -cpvf /dev/sdb / --exclude=/proc -p, --same-permissions, --preserve-permissions Keeps permissions of extracted files the same as the originals.

  44. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 tar command Examples Backup files in /opt after May 5, 1993 # cd /opt # tar -cvzf /root/opt-files.tar.gz –-newer 05/05/1993 . This allows differential and incremental backups to be done. Both types are based on a date. Either the last backup (incremental) or the last full backup (differential). To do differential or incremental backups you will need a mechanism to track the dates or use a higher level backup program that makes use of tar.

  45. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 cpio

  46. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 cpio command find files by attribute Sometimes the files we want to back up may or may not be in one directory [root@benji opt]# find / -mount -mtime 7 | more /root/bin/undoLab06 /root/bin/backups /root/bin/backups/motd /root/bin/backups/.bashrc /root/bin/backups/.bash_profile /root/bin/backups/issue /root/bin/doLab06 [root@benji opt]# Note: -mount = don’t descend directories on other filesystems. -mtime n = True if the file's data was modified n days ago.

  47. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 cpio command 5K blocks (good practice) Backup all files modified in the last week [root@benji opt]# find / -mount -mtime 7 | cpio -voB > /tmp/level-7.bak /root/bin/undoLab06 /root/bin/backups /root/bin/backups/motd /root/bin/backups/.bashrc /root/bin/backups/.bash_profile /root/bin/backups/issue /root/bin/doLab06 1 block [root@benji opt]# verbose output

  48. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 cpio command input table of contents Verify files backed up [root@benji opt]# cpio -vitB < /tmp/level-7.bak cpio: Removing leading `/' from member names -rwxr--r-- 1 root root 295 Nov 15 19:17 root/bin/undoLab06 cpio: Removing leading `/' from member names drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Nov 15 19:19 root/bin/backups cpio: Removing leading `/' from member names -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Nov 15 19:17 root/bin/backups/motd cpio: Removing leading `/' from member names -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 124 Nov 15 19:17 root/bin/backups/.bashrc cpio: Removing leading `/' from member names -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 176 Nov 15 19:17 root/bin/backups/.bash_profile cpio: Removing leading `/' from member names -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 21 Nov 15 19:17 root/bin/backups/issue cpio: Removing leading `/' from member names -rwxr--r-- 1 root root 1488 Nov 15 19:17 root/bin/doLab06 1 block [root@benji opt]#

  49. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 cpio command Selective file restore [root@benji bin]# rm undoLab06 rm: remove regular file `undoLab06'? y [root@benji bin]# cd / [root@benji /]# cpio -imvB root/bin/undoLab06 < /tmp/level-7.bak cpio: Removing leading `/' from member names root/bin/undoLab06 cpio: Removing leading `/' from member names cpio: Removing leading `/' from member names cpio: Removing leading `/' from member names cpio: Removing leading `/' from member names cpio: Removing leading `/' from member names cpio: Removing leading `/' from member names 1 block [root@benji /]# head root/bin/undoLab06 #!/bin/bash userdel -r frodo userdel -r gollum userdel -r samwise userdel -r legolas userdel -r gimli userdel -r glorfindel usermod -G "" cis191 [root@benji /]# Retain previous file modification time Verify file was restored

  50. CIS 191 - Lesson 11 Class Exercise cpio command • Prove to yourself that you can create backup of all files modified in the last 7 days using cpio. Put your backup in /tmp. • What command did you use? [Table 17-20] • Verify the contents of your backup. • What command did you use? [Table 5-8] • Delete and restore one of the files you backup. • What command did you use? [Table 13-16]

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