1. Sociolinguistic P. Presented by 吳玲姍 Rebecca Wu 9146006

2. Five mentors • 1. The Labovian Tradition • 2. The Dynamic Paradigm • 3. Communicative Competence • 4. Speech Accommodation Theory • 5. Attitudes And Motivation

3. The Labovian Tradition • William Labov • Language varies systematically in accordance with social characteristics of the speaker (p.45) • Systematically patterned variation internal patterning: phonetic environment external patterning: nonlinguistic variables; style (p. 49)

4. Labov’s 5 axioms(p. 50) 1) Style shifting: there are no single-style speakers. 2) Attention: styles can be measured by the amount of attention paid to speech 3) The vernacular: minimum amount of attention 4) Formality: more than the minimum attention 5) Good data: through an individual tape-recorded interview  verbal tasks in p.52

5. Reservations formulated by Beebe(p.54) 1) Attention to speechis sometimes negatively correlated with standardness or correctness 2) Stylecan be manifested in linguistic shifts (such as rate, duration, vocal intensity…) 3) Attention to speechis inadequate as an explanation for style shifting in most situations (social psychological variables: feelings, identities,…)  “style” & ”naturalistic” : no real guidelines **see p. 56: Sociolinguistic transfer

6. The Dynamic Paradigm • Derek Bickerton(p. 57) • Interested in more than verifying systematic variation • Emphasized variation as it reflected feelings of ethnic group affiliation • Developmental stages

7. Communicative Competence • Dell Hymes • 5 Categories (p. 58) 1) Speech acts locutionary/ illocutionary 2) Tone or emotion 3) Conversational features 4) Conversational management 5) Topic selection ** see p. 59 (apologies/ compliments/ invitations / expressions of gratitude/ refusals) • Grammatical • Sociolinguistic • Discourse • Strategic

8. Speech Accommodation Theory • Howard Giles • Speech accommodation: (p. 62) 1) convergence– become more similar 2) divergence– become less similar  upward/ downward Speech maintenance

9. SAT covering: (p. 63) 1) Similarity attraction theory – linguistic convergence; approval 2) Social exchange theory – maximize the rewards and minimize the costs 3) Casual Attribution – not the face value; the motives and intentions 4) Intergroup distinctiveness – accentuate differences ** see additive/ subtractive language acquisition (p. 67)

10. Attitudes And Motivation • Lambert & Gardner • How people evaluate other speakers based on their use of language -matched guise (p. 69) 2) How motivational orientations that affect second language learning can be measured and described – integrative v.s. instrumental