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The Particle Detectors (The Image Detectors)

The Particle Detectors (The Image Detectors). Doç. Dr. Erhan Pesen VIII. Uluslararası Katılımlı Parçacık Hızlandırıcıları ve Detektörleri Yaz Okulu 14-09-2012 Bodrum. History. Early detectors are Image Detectors. Principle : What you see what you get . Could Chambers

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The Particle Detectors (The Image Detectors)

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  1. The Particle Detectors (The Image Detectors) Doç. Dr. Erhan Pesen VIII. UluslararasıKatılımlıParçacıkHızlandırıcılarıveDetektörleriYazOkulu 14-09-2012 Bodrum

  2. History • Early detectors are Image Detectors. Principle: Whatyouseewhatyouget. • Could Chambers • Bubble Chambers • Nuclear Emulsions Doç. Dr. Erhan Pesen 14-09-2012 Bodrum

  3. The Cloud Chambers (1920-1950) The images at left are typical of those obtained by Wilson (C. T. R. Wilson, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), 87, 292 (1912)). • Also called Wilson chamber • The cloud chamber contains a supersaturated vapour of water or alcohol. • A charged particle interacting with the mixture, creates ions. • The ions act as condensation nuclei around which a mist (cloud of particles) will form • High energy alpha and beta particles leave a track due to the ions they produce along their path • If a magnetic field is applied positively and negatively charged particles will curve in opposite directions • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pewTySxfTQk • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Efgy1bV2aQo Doç. Dr. Erhan Pesen 14-09-2012 Bodrum

  4. The Discovery of Positron • Positron discovery, Carl Anderson 1933 [Nobel price 1936] • Magnetic field 15000 Gauss, chamber diameter 15cm. • A 63 MeV positron passes through a 6mm lead leaving the plate with energy 23MeV. • The ionization of this particle, and its behavior in passing through the foil was the same as those of an electron but with positive charge Doç. Dr. Erhan Pesen 14-09-2012 Bodrum

  5. The Discovery of Muon • Muons were discovered by Carl D. Anderson and Seth Neddermeyerat Caltech in 1936 with a cloud chamber while studying cosmic radiation Doç. Dr. Erhan Pesen 14-09-2012 Bodrum

  6. The Bubble Chambers (1952-1985) Invented in 1952 by Glaser (1960 Nobel Prize in Physics) • A bubble chamber is a vessel filled with a superheated transparent liquid (Hydrogen at T=30K). A charge particleinitiateboiling. • Urban history: Glaser was inspired by the bubbles in a glass of beer • The size of the chambers grew quickly: • – 1954: 6.4cm • – 1954: 10cm • – 1956: 25cm • – 1959: 183cm • – 1963: 203cm • – 1973: 370cm • Some disadvantages: • – It cannot be triggered • – Low rate capability • – The photographic readout: for data analysisone had to look through millions of photos Doç. Dr. Erhan Pesen 14-09-2012 Bodrum

  7. The Discovery of Omega Doç. Dr. Erhan Pesen 14-09-2012 Bodrum

  8. The Discovery of Neutral Currents • Gargamelle, a very large heavy-liquid (freon) chamber constructed at EcolePolytechniquein Paris, came to CERN in 1970. • 2 m in diameter, 4 m long and filled with Freon at 20 atm, in 2 T B field • Gargamellein 1973 was the tool that permitted the discovery of neutral currents. Doç. Dr. Erhan Pesen 14-09-2012 Bodrum

  9. Nuclear Emulsions (1937 - ---) • Nuclear Emulsion particle detectors feature the highest position and angular resolution in the measurement of tracks of ionizing particles. • Nuclear Emulsion, used to record the tracks of charged particles, is a photographic plate. • A photographic emulsion consists of a large number of small crystals of silver halide, mostly bromide. • The sensitivity to light has allowed silver halides to become the basis of modern photographic materials. • A silver halide is one of the compounds formed between silver and one of the halogens — silver bromide (AgBr), chloride (AgCl), iodide (AgI), and three forms of silver fluorides • The method of recording tracks of charged particles in photographic plates is based upon two achievements of modern technology, the photographic emulsion and the optical microscopes Doç. Dr. Erhan Pesen 14-09-2012 Bodrum

  10. Nuclear Emulsions (1937 - ---) • A nuclear emulsion plate is a photographic plate with a thick emulsion layer and uniform grain size. • – It records the tracks of charged particles passing through • – It produce a cumulative record • – The plates must be developed before the tracks can be observed. • In 1937, Marietta Blau and HerthaWambacherdiscovered nuclear disintegration stars due to spallation in nuclear emulsions exposed to cosmic radiation at a height of 2,300 meters above sea level Doç. Dr. Erhan Pesen 14-09-2012 Bodrum

  11. The Discovery of Pions • The pion was discovered in Nuclear emulsion techniques, Powell 1947; Nobel Prize 1950 • Discovered in 1947 in nuclear emulsions exposed to cosmic rays, and they showed that it decay to a muonand an unseen partner. • The constant range of the decay muonfrom the pion decay indicate that this is a two body decay Doç. Dr. Erhan Pesen 14-09-2012 Bodrum

  12. The Discovery of Kaons • First evidence of the decay of the Kaon into 3 Pions was found in 1949 in Nuclear emulsion (by G. Rochester at Manchester) Doç. Dr. Erhan Pesen 14-09-2012 Bodrum

  13. Particle discoveries by 1959 Ω- Doç. Dr. Erhan Pesen 14-09-2012 Bodrum

  14. Discoveries Timeline • Today > 200 particles listed in PDG: • 27 have cτ > 1 μm • • they can be seen as tracks in a detectors • • 13 have cτ < 500 μm • • displaced vertices Doç. Dr. Erhan Pesen 14-09-2012 Bodrum

  15. Nuclear Emulsion • The only one that survives in Early Image Detectors • No time resolution • No vertex location information • Very good spatial resolution • Very good track, twotrackresolution (grain size ~1μm) • Events are recorded and staysforever Doç. Dr. Erhan Pesen 14-09-2012 Bodrum

  16. Neutrino Oscillations Doç. Dr. Erhan Pesen 14-09-2012 Bodrum

  17. Recent Application : CHORUS (1992-2002) Calorimeter Air-core magnet Spectrometer n Emulsion target • 4 stacks each made of 36 plates • Plastic base: 90 μm • Emulsion on both side: 350 μm • Total mass : 770 kg Active target Doç. Dr. Erhan Pesen 14-09-2012 Bodrum

  18. The Emulsion Development • Photographic developer is a chemical amplifier acting on the latent image. • A rather complex physics-chemical process is able to transform those grains with a suitable development centre into metallic silver. • After development, a silver halide emulsion is placed in a second bath, called as fixer which dissolves the unaffected grains of silver halide but leaves the small black granules of silver. • Finally, The plate is washed and dried. Emulsion Films drying after development Doç. Dr. Erhan Pesen 14-09-2012 Bodrum

  19. CCD camera CCD camera Automatic Scanning Tracks reconstructed by a hardware video processor frame to frame emulsion grains coincidence 150x150 mm view microscope stroke track X50 magnification ~3mm focal depth tomographic image 350 mm (175 mm) emulsion sheet 90 mm plastic backing emulsion plate 350 mm (175 mm) emulsion sheet Doç. Dr. Erhan Pesen 14-09-2012 Bodrum

  20. CERN/NIKHEF Scanning Systems (year 2000) Doç. Dr. Erhan Pesen 14-09-2012 Bodrum

  21. Scanning System In Nagoya ( year 2000) Network data storage UTS = a machine for general scanning: ~1 cm2/hour Doç. Dr. Erhan Pesen 14-09-2012 Bodrum

  22. Tracking and Reconstruction Reconstruct full vertex topology At least 2-segment connected tracks Track segments from 8 plates overlapped Eliminate passing-through tracks ‘Emulsion is the mass storage’ (Prof.K.Niwa) ~7000TB Doç. Dr. Erhan Pesen 14-09-2012 Bodrum

  23. Charm Dimuon Event + Zoom D+ h - Doç. Dr. Erhan Pesen 14-09-2012 Bodrum

  24. Detection of Ds Doç. Dr. Erhan Pesen 14-09-2012 Bodrum

  25. Today’s Application :The OPERA Experiment • Mainly designed for the direct search of ντ appearance in the pure νµ CNGS beam from CERN to Gran Sasso(732km). • Based on the use of Emulsion Cloud Chambers (ECCs) and of electronic detectors(Hybrid Detector). • In an ECC the nuclear emulsion films act as very high precision tracking detectors, and are interleaved with plates of lead. • The brick, is made of 57 emulsion films interleaved with 56 lead foils of 1 mm thickness. It has 128x102x79mm3, and weighs 8.3 kg. Emulsion Cloud Chamber Doç. Dr. Erhan Pesen 14-09-2012 Bodrum

  26. OPERA Setup • The distinctive feature of ντ charged-current interactions is the production of a short-lived τ lepton (cτ =87 µm). • This is achieved in OPERA using the Nuclear Emulsion technique that features an unrivaled spatial resolution (≤ 1 µm). • OPERA Detector is a hybrid (emulsion+electronics) with a modular structure. 2 SuperModules=2*(31walls+1spectrometer) Total Mass: 1766 Tons. # of Bricks=206336 • ECC measures: Kink of Tau, Momentum(via MCS), Electromagnetic Shower, dE/dX, e/π separation, Event Kinematics,Vertex Location, τ ID, • Magnetic Spectrometer: μ ID, charge and momentum.Target tracker: Trigger and localiza ν interactions. Doç. Dr. Erhan Pesen 14-09-2012 Bodrum

  27. The required area of emulsion is of order of 100,000 m2 s • It is needed high-speed automatic scanning systems. • Scanning power is 10cm2/h at LHEP • Emulsions are scanned at Europe and Japanese scanning Labs. Doç. Dr. Erhan Pesen 14-09-2012 Bodrum

  28. Emulsion Scanning LAB. At University Of BERN Doç. Dr. Erhan Pesen 14-09-2012 Bodrum

  29. The Tau-Neutrino Candidate Doç. Dr. Erhan Pesen 14-09-2012 Bodrum

  30. Proton Radiography With Nuclear Emulsions • To obtain medical images of the patient’s body (proton radiography). • Proton radiography allows obtaining images directly proportional to the average density of the traversed material. • Emulsion detector is cheaper and easier to install and remove. Doç. Dr. Erhan Pesen 14-09-2012 Bodrum

  31. Emulsion Hybrid Telescope For Cosmic Gamma-ray Observation • Telescope observes • Brightness (Magnitute) • Color (Wavelength) • Direction of the light • Emulsion Measures • Event Rate (Flux) • Energy (Momentum) • Direction of gamma-ray photon 2 mrad Ultra Violet (UIT) Visible (Palomar) Gamma Shower Reconstructed Tracks Doç. Dr. Erhan Pesen 14-09-2012 Bodrum

  32. Cosmic-ray Muon Radiography Of Volcanos With ECC muons ECC • Muon source with a well-known energy spectrum for different zenith angles. • A well-understood muon detector. • The information from counting muon events at different arriving angles can be used to infer on the matter profile. Doç. Dr. Erhan Pesen 14-09-2012 Bodrum

  33. Cosmic-ray Muon Radiography Of Volcanos With ECC Doç. Dr. Erhan Pesen 14-09-2012 Bodrum

  34. LEP Tunnel Doç. Dr. Erhan Pesen 14-09-2012 Bodrum

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