Intro to human a&p

1. Intro to human a&p

2. ANATOMY The study of form and structure.

3. PHYSIOLOGY The study of function and how the body works.

4. Figure 1 The Organ System Level The Organ Level The Tissue Level The Cellular Level The Chemical (or Molecular) Level Atoms in combination Complex protein molecule Protein filaments

5. THE ORGAN SYSTEMS

6. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Composed of the skin and its appendages (hair, nails, and glands) Major protective mechanism for the body. Produces Vitamin D when exposed to sunlight. Location of cutaneous receptors (touch, pain, pressure, and temperature)

7. SKELETAL SYSTEM Protects and supports body organs. Provides framework for muscles to produce movement Site of blood cell production Stores minerals Composed of 206 bones

8. Muscular system Allows for movement, manipulation, and facial expression Maintains posture. Produces heat to help maintain body temperature. Composed of the skeletal muscles. (those attached to the skeleton)

9. Nervous system Control system of the body Responds to changes both internal and external by activating muscles and glands. (motor impulses) Includes all of the sensory organs (eyes, ears, touch receptors, taste buds, and smell receptors) Major organs are the brain, spinal cord, and all of the major nerves.

10. Endocrine system Regulates the internal environment through the production of hormones. Ductless – release secretions directly into the blood stream. Hormones often have opposite effects to maintain homeostasis. (Negative feedback) Organs include pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, and sex glands.

11. Cardiovascular (circulatory) system Distributes oxygen, nutrients, hormones and other substances throughout the body. Transports chemical waste products to the proper organs for disposal. Composed of: Blood Blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries) Heart

12. Lymphatic system Picks up fluid within the tissues and returns it to the blood stream (interstitial fluid) Disposes of cellular debris. Houses white blood cells involved in immunity. Contains such organs as the lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, and appendix.

13. Respiratory system Charged with keeping the blood saturated with oxygen and removing carbon dioxide. Gas exchange occurs in tiny air sacs within the lungs. Includes other organs including: Trachea (windpipe) Larynx (voice box) Pharynx (throat) Bronchi and bronchioles

14. Digestivesystem Breaks down food into absorbable units. The walls of the digestive system absorb these units and then the blood transports throughout the body. Indigestible food stuffs are eliminated as solid wastes (feces) Includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and liver.

15. Urinary (excretory) system Eliminates nitrogenous or metabolic wastes from the body by filtering the blood. Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood. Includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

16. Reproductive system Produce offspring. Produce the sex hormones that maintain male and female secondary sex characteristics. Major organs: Female: ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus Male: testes, duct system, accessory glands and penis.

17. Homeostasis The ability of the body to maintain stable internal conditions even though the outside world is constantly changing. Controlled by the interaction between the receptor, control center, and effector. Accomplished by: Positive Feedback - Tendency to increase the occurrence of an event until it is resolved – i.e. Blood clotting and the birth of a child Negative Feedback – Tendency of the response to cut off or slow down the original stimulus – i.e. cooling or warming the body.

18. Figure 1.7 3

19. Figure 1 Section 3 1 HOMEOSTASIS Normal condition restored Normal condition disturbed Normal room temperature RESPONSE: Room temperature drops STIMULUS: Room temperature rises EFFECTOR RECEPTOR Air conditioner Thermometer CONTROL CENTER (Thermostat) Sends commands to Information affects The setting on a thermostat establishes the set point, or desired value, which in this case is the temperature you select. (In our example, the set point is 22°C, or about 72°F.) The function of the thermostat is to keep room temperature within, usually within a degree or so of the set point. Features of homeostatic control mechanisms, as shown for the maintenance of room temperature

20. Maintaining Life • To sustain life, an organism must be able to maintain its boundaries, move, respond to stimuli, digest nutrients and excrete wastes, carry on metabolism, reproduce, and grow. • Survival needs: food, oxygen, water, appropriate temperature, and normal atmospheric pressure. Extremes of any can be harmful.

21. Anatomical position • Standing upright with feet facing anteriorly. • Palms of the hands facing anteriorly. • Arms held at the sides and head facing anteriorly.

22. Directional Terms

23. Body Regions • Abdominal - anterior body trunk inferior to ribs • Acrominal - point of shoulder • Antebrachial – forearm • Brachial - arm • Buccal – cheek • Carpal - wrist • Celiac – stomach • Cephalic - head • Cervical - neck • Costal - ribs 11. Coxal - hip 12. Digital – fingers and toes 13. Dorsal - back 14. Femoral - thigh 15. Frontal - forehead 16. Genital – reproductive area 17. Gluteal - buttocks 18. Inguinal - groin 19. Lumbar – lower back 20. Mammary - breast

24. Body Regions 21. Nasal - nose 22. Occipital – posterior surface of the head 23. Oral - mouth 24. Orbital - eye 25. Otic - ear 26. Palmar – inner surface of hand from wrist to fingers 27. Pectoral - chest 28. Pedal - foot 29. Pelvic – area overlying the pelvis anteriorly 30. Sacral – area between hips 31. Sternal - breastbone 32. Umbilical – belly button 33. Vertebral - spine