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Understanding Digital Encoding and Metadata in Text Resources

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Explore ontology, mark-up languages, TEI, Dublin Core, EAD, MARC, and more in this comprehensive guide to structuring and managing data effectively. Learn about different encoding standards and how to create custom schemas.

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Understanding Digital Encoding and Metadata in Text Resources

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  1. Digital Encoding • What’s behind E-text Resources?

  2. Before Metadata... • How to structure your data • Ontology: a specification of a conceptualization of reality • http://www.ontoknowledge.org/oil/ • OWL (Ontology Web Language) • http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-features/

  3. Mark-up Languages • GML: Generalized Markup Language • IBM (1969-1980) • SGML: (Standard Generalized Markup Language • American National Standards Institute (ANSI) (1980- ) • XML: Extensible Markup Language • W3C (1996- )

  4. What is Metadata? • http://www.vraweb.org/metadata.html

  5. Examples of Metadata schema • TEI (Text Encoding Initiative) • Dublin Core • EAD (Encoded Archival Description) • MARC (MAchine-Readable Cataloging) • RDF (Resource Description Framework)

  6. Variations of TEI • TEI: Full DTD, uses SGML (437 elements) • TEI Lite: Subset of the TEI DTD, uses SGML (140 elements) • Bare Bones TEI: An even smaller subset of TEI developed in 1994 primarily as a learning tool, uses SGML (33 elements) • TEI xLite: TEI Lite DTD, rewritten in XML

  7. TEI in the Metadata World • TEI and its variations have become some of the most widely used text encoding standards for texts in the humanities. • While the full original form of TEI is perhaps too elaborate for many projects, it’s abridged versions such as TEI xLite have nevertheless been used on many successful projects. • http://www.tei-c.org/Applications/index-lang.html

  8. <tei.2> <teiHeader> <fileDesc> <titleStmt><title>A Sample of TEI</title></titleStmt> <publicationStmt><p>An unpublished document.</p> </publicationStmt> <sourceDesc><p>Document created in electronic form.</p> </sourceDesc></fileDesc></teiHeader> <text><body> <p>This is a TEI encoded document!</p> </body></text> </tei.2>

  9. Dublin Core • Dublin Core: all elements are optional. • The base set of DC elements = 15 elements • title, creator, subject, description, publisher, contributor, date, type, format, identifier, source, language, relation, coverage, rights • DC-Qualified: • http://dublincore.org/documents/usageguide/qualifiers.shtml • http://www.dstc.edu.au/Research/Projects/rdf/dc-in-rdf-ex.html • http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/metadata/dcdot/

  10. EAD • Developed in the mid-1990’s, with version 1.0 of the DTD being released in 1998 • Version 2 (called EAD 2002) • 146 elements defined in EAD 2002 DTD • http://www.loc.gov/ead/tglib/element_index.html

  11. MARC • MARC21 • http://www.loc.gov/marc/ • MARC21XML • http://www.loc.gov/standards/marcxml/// • MODS (Metadata Object Description Schema) • http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/

  12. Can’t find a schema to fit your project? • Make your own! • Custom making a DTD (Document Type Definition) • http://www.w3schools.com/dtd/default.asp • http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/letopis/search.jsp?lang=en

  13. Version on of custom DTD

  14. Simplified version of mark-up

  15. The End! Further Reading

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