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Beta Beams: Producing Neutrino Beams from Beta-Decaying Isotopes at CERN

This article discusses the concept of beta beams, which involve producing neutrino beams by accelerating and storing beta-decaying isotopes. It explores the challenges and potential of beta beams for neutrino research at CERN.

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Beta Beams: Producing Neutrino Beams from Beta-Decaying Isotopes at CERN

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  1. Beta Beams Elena Wildner, CERN For the Beta Beam Collaboration HEP 2011, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 1

  2. The Beta Beam Facility Collaborations P. Zuchelli:” A novel concept for a neutrino factory: the beta-beam”, Phys. Let. B, 532 (2002) 166-172. FP6 “Research Infrastructure Action - Structuring the European Research Area” EURISOL DS Project Contract no. 515768 RIDS) Ended 2008 http://beta-beam.web.cern.ch/beta-beam/task/index.asp FP7 “Design Studies” (Research Infrastructures) EUROnu (Grant agreement no.: 212372) Ongoing work from 2008 Lasts till fall 2012 http://heplnv135.pp.rl.ac.uk/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=9&Itemid=12 http://heplnv135.pp.rl.ac.uk/joomla/ Focus on a feasible and realistic facility with good physics reach 2 HEP 2011, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

  3. Neutrino Beams from Beta Beams • Produce suitable beta (+/-) active isotopes • Available reaction energy of a specific isotope: Q • Accelerate beta active isotopes • The ions will get a maximum gamma boost gmax (En  2gmaxQ) • Store them and let them decay in a race track storage ring • gmax • depends on the available accelerators • depends on the Z/A of the ion • is chosen for the physics reach wanted • Merit factor: g/Q • Lower flux with distance • Higher x-sections with energy • Higher flux with g 3 HEP 2011, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

  4. t1/2 at rest (ground state) 1ms – 1s 1 – 60 s NuBase High-Q and Low-Q pairs 8Li and 8B 6He and 18Ne Higher Q-value gives higher n-energy, better x-sections but needs longer baseline 4 HEP 2011, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

  5. Beta beams at CERN • Use of CERN machines and infrastructures, existing technology • Beta Beam are unique to CERN • Bunching and first acceleration: ECR, linac • Rapid cycling synchrotron • Use of existing machines: PS and SPS • Relativistic gamma=100 for both ions • SPS allows maximum of 150 (6He) or 250 (18Ne) • Gamma choice optimized for physics reach • Opportunity to share detectors with astrophysics etc. ??? • Frejus, Gran Sasso, Canfranc, CNGS-Umbria, … • Minimum n-rates after Decay Ring for physics reach • 2.9*1018 anti-neutrinos from 6He • 1.1 1018 neutrinos from 18Ne beta beams (CERN) 5 HEP 2011, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

  6. CERN Beta Beams, Synoptic RCS Dotted lines: alternative layouts SPL Linac4 Linac Molten Salt Loop ISOL target Collection PR 6He 18Ne n-Beam 8B/8Li 6He/18Ne ECR RFQ DR Linac 100 MeV PS Baseline SPS PS and SPS existing RCS Decay Ring: Br ~ 500 Tm, B = ~6 T, C = ~6900 m, Lss= ~2500 m, g = 100, all ions 6 HEP 2011, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

  7. CERN Beta Beams, Synoptic Dotted lines: alternative layouts SPL Linac4 RCS ISOL target Molten Salt Loop n-Beam Fréjus 6He 18Ne ECR RFQ 6He/18Ne Linac 100 MeV DR PS SPS PS and SPS existing RCS Br ~ 500 Tm, B = ~6 T, C = ~6900 m, Lss= ~2500 m, g = 100, all ions 7 HEP 2011, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

  8. EUROnu physics Gamma 100 Gamma 100 Gamma 350 Gamma 350 Gamma 350 M. Mezetto Gamma 100 8 HEP 2011, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

  9. CPV Flux Systematics SF The systematic error estimation is important (detectors and beam) Beta beam neutrino flux can be calculated with current monitors in the accelerator. Extend plots (calculations) to higher theta13 Reduction of Suppression needed for atmospheric background !!! Flux 9 HEP 2011, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

  10. CPV for the Fréjus option (6He&18Ne) Courtesy E. Fernandez, P. Coloma, C. Hansen • SF for atmospheric bg suppression: • serious constraint for bBeams • Larger sin22q13 • constraint is relaxed • larger bunches permitted • higher neutrino fluxes • Calculations should be extended • range beyond Chooz limit ? • SF 2% seems sufficient for larger sin22q13 (0.6% used up till now) 10 HEP 2011, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

  11. CPV - nFlux: Fréjus &Canfranc Courtesy E. Fernandez, P. Coloma, C. Hansen Dashed SuperBeam to Fréjus Nominal flux 2*Nominal flux 5*Nominal flux Fréjus, SF 1% Canfranc, SF 1% Negative delta, matter effects give degeneracies with the mass hierarchy. Larger flux: no degeneracies, sensitivity for negative delta would increase, measurement of the mass hierarchy would be possible Fréjus:18Ne (1.1 1018n/year) & 6He (1.1 1018n/year), g=100 Canfranc:18Ne (4.4 1017n/year, g=250) & 8He (2.9 1018n/year, g=100) Other ion combinations may be efficient (A. Donini) Systematics from big fiducial volume not good Liquid Argon for Canfranc? 11 HEP 2011, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

  12. Mass Hierarchy Canfranc, Beta Beam setting: 8Li@100 and 18Ne@250 Flux: Nominal 2* Nominal 5* Nominal 12 HEP 2011, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

  13. Beta Beam Challenges • Isotope production ok now ! • n emmitters “easy” to produce, measured rates are sufficient • n are more difficult: we can make them “on paper” • Exp. for Ne18 production verification are ongoing • Atmospheric background suppression • We loose particles from necessary collimation • We get short intense bunches in the Decay Ring, may get unstable • We can relax the suppression with recent results from T2K! • High intensities in the existing machines • Beam instabilities • Radiation • Follow carefully the LHC injector upgrades • The present machine cycles • Optimization possible 13 HEP 2011, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

  14. Isotope production rates Aim: 2.0 1013 for low-Q Targets below MWatt is a considerable advantage! More is possible Planned experiments NB :8Li can be produced in rates comparable to 6He using similar technology T. Stora, P Valko, E. Benedetto, E. Wildner… HEP 2011, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

  15. Status, technologies • SF in Decay Ring (CERN, Cockroft) • RF hardware seems feasible • 60 GHz Ion Source (LPSC, CNRS, Grenoble) • Tests of magnetic field for plasma containment ok • Tests of assembly with 28 GHz (emmittances and efficiencies) • 60 GHz gyrotron: awaiting reception 2012 • Collection of high-Q ions from production ring (UCL, Louvain) • Collection ok • Efficiencies now measured • Measurements of x-sections 8B and 8Li (INFN, Legnaro) • Analysis of results available in September • Decay Ring Redesigned (CEA) • Collective effects less important • Collimation in Decay Ring (CERN) • Needs good solution 15 HEP 2011, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

  16. Implementation and Costing • How to chose a facilty? • Performance/Cost • Part of EUROnu mandate • Synergy bB/SB • Safety has to be included HEP 2011, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

  17. Conclusion • T2K: Optimization for excellent physics reach is ongoing • We can now reduce the SF for bg suppression (if T2K) • Flux will be considerably increased • Optimization of L/E • SPS can give gamma up to 250 for 18Ne, may be interesting now • Systematic errors need complete evaluation • Detector, WC but also Liquid Argon (EUROnu WP5) • Beam (alignment and current monitoring in accelerator) • To be included in the comparison analysis (all facilities) • Technical work in very good progress • isotope production confirmed for 6He, 18Ne experiment ongoing • Ion source being tested • Cross section measurements for high-Q isotopes ok • All results have to be iterated • Work on physics and accelerators in collaboration to be continued 17 HEP 2011, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

  18. Thank you for your attention 18 18 HEP 2011, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

  19. Support slides 19 19 HEP 2011, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

  20. The Production Ring (8B and 8Li) Production of 8B and 8Li C. Rubbia, EUROnu proposal • Gas Jet target proposed in FP7: • too high density would be needed • vacuum problems • Direct Production (D. Neuffer) with liquid film targets • Collaboration ANL (Benedetto/Nolen) Aachen Univ., GSI, CERN • High-Q 8B and 8Li will not be considered for the time being • We will not explore the low-Q gamma 350 option 20 HEP 2011, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

  21. Managing intensities: “Ion Cocktails” Collective effects important Less collective effects Summary by A. Donini HEP 2011, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

  22. Collective Effects limits, Decay Ring Only Transverse Mode Coupling Instabilities Recent Encouraging results, redesigned decay ring ! Phase slip factor changed C. Hansen, CERN & A. Chance, CEA 22 HEP 2011, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

  23. Atm. Background suppression 1014 ions, ~0.5% duty (supression) factor can now be reduced Gives possibilities to give more neutrino flux 20 bunches, 5.2 ns long, distance 23*4 nanosseconds filling 1/11 of the Decay Ring, repeated every 23 microseconds Work on HW feasibility by Cockroft institute/Lancaster Univ. G. Burt 23 23 HEP 2011, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

  24. Collection device • Measurements/Analysis ongoing for the collected 8Li • Direct kinematics is possible, efficiencies to be evaluated • Setup and measurements for 8B production and collection ongoing CRC, Louvain la Neuve HEP 2011, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

  25. X-sections, Energies and Angles, Li and B 2011 Measurements are finished ! INFN, Legnaro 25 HEP 2011, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner E.Vardaci

  26. 60 GHz Source status Puller electrode High voltage ring Conceptual design of the internal parts of the ECRIS prototype Delivery of the GANIL 28 GHz gyrotron to LPSC LPSC-LNCMI discussions for experiments Ion beam at 28 GHz with SEISM prototype (fall 2011) Magnetic field measurements, 30000 A (60 GHz) Plasma electrode 28 GHz waveguide Extraction insulator Plasma chamber Design of the High intensity beam line Follow-up the 60 GHz gyrotron building 400 A Power supply and magnet • LPSC Euronu contract status • Hiring a one year post-doc T. Lamy 2010-06-04 26 HEP 2011, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

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