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Southeast Asia

Southeast Asia. Mainland Southeast Asia. Insular Southeast Asia. Burma. Laos. Thailand. Vietnam. Philippine. Cambodia. Brunei. Malaysia. Singapore. I n d o n e s i a. East Timor. Introduction. Heavily influenced by external forces  cultural diversity

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Southeast Asia

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  1. Southeast Asia

  2. Mainland Southeast Asia Insular Southeast Asia Burma Laos Thailand Vietnam Philippine Cambodia Brunei Malaysia Singapore I n d o n e s i a East Timor

  3. Introduction • Heavily influenced by external forces  cultural diversity • Buddhism, Chinese immigrants, Islam • European colonialism • Battleground for global ideologies after WWII • Vietnam war • Strongly felt globalization • Promises: economic growth in the 1980s • Perils: financial crisis in the late 1990s

  4. Environmental Geography A Once-Forested Region

  5. Mainland: delta landscape  large river systems Insular: volcanic eruption  located in 4 plate boundaries

  6. Red R. Irrawaddy R. Mekong R. Chayo Phraya Mainland Southeast Asia • Rugged uplands interspersed with river lowlands (delta)

  7. Insular Southeast Asia • Mountain spine created by a tectonic force • Large expanse of shallow ocean New Guinea Borneo Celebes (Sulawesi) Sumatra Sunda Shelf Java

  8. Mainland  monsoon • Insular  monsoon, typhoon, equatorial effect • Monsoon: distinct dry and rainy season  changing wind direction • Typhoon: heavy rainfall to the northeastern reaches of Insular Asia • Equatorial effect: little seasonality, year-round precipitation

  9. Wallace’s Line • Difference in animal and plant life between western and eastern islands • Western  Asian origin • Eastern  Australian origin • 12,000 years ago, the sea level was lower (last global ice age)

  10. Deforestation of Southeast Asia • Pre-colonial period • Agricultural settlement • Colonial period • Plantation, shipbuilding • Post-colonial period • Commercial logging by international firms • 1990s • Logging ban

  11. Population and Settlement Subsistence, Migrations, Cities

  12. Settlement patterns • Unlike East Asia and South Asia, Southeast Asia has historically supported low population density • Why? • (1) Infertile soil • (2) Rugged mountains • Population is concentrated in deltas or volcanic islands due to its fertile soil

  13. Mainland: heavily settled deltas Insular: heavily settled volcanic landscape

  14. Farming patterns (1): Upland swidden system • Shifting cultivation (“slash-and-burn”) • Threatened by growing population and commercial logging • Switched to a cash crop like opium (eg. Burma)

  15. Farming patterns (2): Plantation agriculture • Specialty crops for exports during European colonization • Usually practiced in the coastal lowlands for shipping • Still widespread, but lesser dependence on plantation has been attempted

  16. Farming patterns (3): Lowland rice cultivation • Lowland basins of mainland • Focused on three delta areas • Irrawaddy (Burma) • Chao Praya (Thailand) • Mekong (Vietnam, Cambodia)

  17. High birthrate: Laos, Cambodia  low level of economic development • Low birthrate: Singapore, Thailand • high level of economic development, family planning • Still relatively rural despite recent industrialization

  18. Population policy: Indonesian transmigration • Relocating its population from densely populated area (Java) to outer islands • Pros: balanced population distribution pattern • Cons: environmental degradation, ethnic conflicts

  19. Manila Bankok Kuala Lumpur Singapore Urban settlement • Overurbanization? • Yes • No

  20. Cultural Coherence and Diversity A Meeting Ground of World Cultures

  21. Meeting ground for cultural diffusion from • South Asia – Hinduism, Buddhism, writing system • China – Immigration of southern Chinese • Middle East – Islam, writing system • Europe – Christianity

  22. External cultural influences 12c 13c 19c 20c 0 A.D. Hinduism Islam Theravada Buddhism Chinese immigration Christianity Chinese communities Philippines Tribal areas Bali Indonesia Malaysia Mainland

  23. Buddhism mainland Catholic Philippines Islam insular Hindu Bali Religion in Southeast Asia Animism & Christianity in the uplands

  24. Chinese in Southeast Asia • Chinese communities all over Southeast Asia • Disproportionate prosperity of the local Chinese community

  25. Burman Tai Mon-Khmer Papuan Austronesian Language in Southeast Asia

  26. National language in Southeast Asia Lao Burmese Thai Vietnamese Filipino English Khmer Malay Indonesian National language is limited to the core area of densely populated lowlands in mainland (Burma, Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia)

  27. Use of English in Southeast Asia • Widely spoken in the former British or U.S. colonies • Philippine, Malaysia, Singapore, Burma • Ambivalent attitude towards the use of English • Encouraged by pro-globalizers • Discouraged by nationalists • Emergence of hybrid tongue

  28. Geopolitical Framework War, Ethnic Strife, and Regional Cooperation

  29. Pre-colonial era • Mainland: form political states • Insular: lack political states • Colonial era • Insular (16c~): Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch • Mainland (19c~): British, French • After independence • The former French Indochina became battleground for ideological rivalries

  30. British French Spanish  U.S. Dutch Portuguese Colonial Southeast Asia Insular Southeast Asia inherited territory from former colonial powers

  31. Ideological rivalries in the former French Indochina • Battle against the French (1945 ~ 1954) • Backed by pro-communist group • Vietnam War (1954 ~ 1975) • Military conflict between communist forces of North Vietnam and non-communist forces of South Vietnam • Communist regimes (1975 ~) • Installed in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos • Persistent political instability

  32. Irian Jaya E.Timor Became the 11th sovereign states in Southeast Asia Geopolitical tensions (1): Conflicts in Indonesia • Transmigration triggers ethnic conflicts • Javanese (Islam) immigrants  indigenous people • Ethnically/culturally distinct regions have called for autonomy or independence

  33. Geopolitical tensions (2): Regional tensions in the Philippines • Muslim separatists in the southwest • Communist-oriented nationwide rebellion • Rebellion of tribal groups in northern Luzon

  34. Geopolitical tensions (3): Ethnic conflict in Burma • Ethnic minorities  Military regime dominated by the Burmans • Insurgencies are often financed by drug trade (“Golden Triangle”)

  35. China Taiwan Philippines Vietnam Spratly islands Malaysia Geopolitical tensions (4): Dispute over the Spratly Islands

  36. Regional cooperation: ASEAN(Association of Southeast Asian Nations) • Originally intended as a bulwark against the spread of Communism • With the end of Cold War, communist states are admitted • Political cooperation • Prevent external influences in the region • Promote regional stability • Economic cooperation

  37. Economic and Social Development The Roller-Coaster Ride of Tiger Economies

  38. Recent economic development • Leaders: Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia • Laggards: Philippines, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia • Economic crisis in the late 1990s • Hit most of Southeast Asian countries • Marked dependence on foreign investment

  39. Singapore: Regional hub • Brunei: oil reserves • Malaysia, Thailand: globalized economic development • Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Burma: civil war

  40. The Philippine Decline • Pronounced decline in living standards over the last several decades • Causes • Crony capitalism • Kleptocracy • Consequences • Exodus of labor • Uneven distribution of wealth

  41. The Regional Hub: Singapore • The region’s greatest development success • Transformed from entropôt port city to high-tech industrial city • Communications and financial hub of Southeast Asia • Authoritarian capitalism • Brought fast growth, but • Limited civil liberties

  42. The Malaysian Boom • The region’s second greatest development success • Development was initially concentrated in natural resource extraction, but recent growth is powered by high-tech sectors • Disparities of wealth • Geographical: west > east • Ethnic: Chinese > non-Chinese

  43. Thailand: An Emerging Tiger? • Japanese companies was leading players in the earlier Thai boom • Attracted by its low-waged, and well-educated population under political stability • Rapid growth under democratic government • Relatively receptive to globalization • Sex industry

  44. Persistent Poverty in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia • Attributed to • Continual warfare or fightings (1941~1990s) • Socialist economic system (1975 ~ 1990s) • The fall of the Soviet Union (1991) • Embargo imposed by U.S. (1975 ~ 1994) • Recent economic reforms in Vietnam • Embrace market while retaining the political forms of a communist state

  45. Southeast Asia’s global linkages

  46. With the exception of Laos, Cambodia, and Burma, Southeast Asia has achieved relatively high level of social welfare

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