The Industrial Society 1850‒1901

1. 18 The Industrial Society 1850‒1901

2. The Industrial Society, 1850‒1901 Industrial Development What enabled the United States to build an industrial economy? An Industrial Empire What were the main characteristics of the new steel and oil industries? 18.1 18.2

3. The Industrial Society, 1850‒1901 The Sellers Why were the new methods of advertising so important? The Wage Earners Who were the wage earners in the new economy? 18.3 18.4

4. The Industrial Society, 1850‒1901 Culture of Work How did wage earners organize in this period, and what demands did they make? 18.5

5. Video Series:Key Topics in U.S. History • The Transcontinental Railroad • The Gilded Men • The Making of a Consumer Culture • Knights of Labor Home

6. A Machine Culture • Centennial Exposition held in Philadelphia • Focused on industrial era innovations • U.S. fast becoming industrialized culture • Developments in manufacturing, transportation, communications, changed society • Laborers in steel, oil, railroads played leading role Home

7. Home

8. Industrial Development • An Empire on Rails • Advantages of the Railroad • Building the Empire • Linking the Nation via Trunk Lines • Rails Across the Continent • Problems of Growth Home

9. Industrial Development • Conditions for rapid industrial growth • Abundance of cheap natural resources • Large pools of labor • Expanded markets • Investment capital • Technological progress • Government support • Industry developed quickly • Entrepreneurs flourished • Concentrated in Northeast Industrial Development

10. An Empire on Rails • Revolution in transportation and communication • U.S. industrial economy based on expansion of the railroads • Steamships • Telegraph and telephone Industrial Development

11. Advantages of the Railroad • Railroads transformed American life • Ended rural isolation • National market • Led to organization of modern corporation • Stimulated other industries • Railroads captured imagination of the American people Industrial Development

12. Building the Empire • Railroad construction boom 1865‒1916 • U.S. laid more than 200,000 miles of track costing billions of dollars • Expensive endeavor • Cost repaid over time • Waste and corruption in railroad industry • Built too fast and wastefully • Build into Indian lands Industrial Development

13. Linking the Nation via Trunk Lines • No integrated rail system before Civil War • Designed to protect local interests • Civil War - value of long-distance lines seen • Construction and consolidation begins • Large companies took over small companies • Standardization Industrial Development

14. Linking the Nation via Trunk Lines (continued) • Four trunk lines • East linked with Great Lakes and West • Baltimore and Ohio (B&O), Erie RR, New York Central RR, Pennsylvania RR • Southern railroad system integrated in 1880s • War damage caused delay • Rail transportation improved • Safe, fast, reliable • Standard time Industrial Development

15. Rails Across the Continent • 1862 - Congress authorized the transcontinental railroad • Delay from sectional tensions ended • Union Pacific worked westward • Central Pacific worked eastward • May 10, 1869 - Tracks met in Utah • By 1900 - four more lines to Pacific Industrial Development

16. Problems of Growth • Overbuilding caused problems • Intense competition among railroads • Efforts to share failed • Consolidation did not solve problems • Bankers gained control of railroads • J. Pierpoint Morgan • Multiple reforms Industrial Development

17. Industrial Development

18. Discussion Question • What enabled the United States to build an industrial economy? Industrial Development

19. An Industrial Empire • Carnegie and Steel • Rockefeller and Oil • The Business of Invention Home

20. An Industrial Empire • Innovation drove new industrial empire • Bessemer process of refining steel permitted mass production • Use of steel changed agriculture, manufacturing, transportation, architecture An Industrial Empire

21. Carnegie and Steel • Steel business complex • Required large capital investment, abundant raw materials, research departments, and sophisticated techniques • Rose in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Alabama • Businesses grew larger An Industrial Empire

22. Carnegie and Steel (continued) • Andrew Carnegie entered steel business • Rags to riches • Entered steel industry in 1872 • Homestead plant • By 1901 – employed 20,000 • Produced more steel than Great Britain • Sold out to J. P. Morgan • United States Steel Company An Industrial Empire

23. Rockefeller and Oil • Petroleum became profitable • Little use for gasoline • Kerosene for lighting • Other petroleum uses • 1859 - First oil well drilled • Edwin L. Drake near Titusville, Pennsylvania An Industrial Empire

24. Rockefeller and Oil (continued) • Standard Oil Company • 1863 - John D. Rockefeller • Moved to consolidate to end competition • Vertical integration • New business organization: the trust • Standard Oil Trust An Industrial Empire

25. The Business of Invention • Age of invention in America • Number of patents soared • Communications transformed • Business and industry innovations • Photography • Diet changes • Telephone and electricity • Alexander Graham Bell • Thomas Alva Edison An Industrial Empire

26. An Industrial Empire

27. Discussion Question • What were the main characteristics of the new steel and oil industries? An Industrial Empire

28. The Sellers • Marketing developed to sell products • Advertising pervaded American life • Department store – a national institution • Mail-order catalogs – reached rural customers • Brand names – homogeneity of goods • Common language of consumption • America became a community of consumers Home

29. Discussion Question • Why were the new methods of advertising so important? The Sellers

30. The Wage Earners • Working Men, Working Women, Working Children Home

31. The Wage Earners • Labor of millions of men and women built the new industrial society • Improvements for workers in late 1800s • Real wages rose • Better working conditions • Workers’ influence grew • Expanding health and educational services The Wage Earners

32. Working Men, Working Women, Working Children • Before 1900, life for wage earners hard • Chronically low wages • Average wages: $400–500 per year, needed $600 for decent living • Some jobs varied from average • Breadwinner might be woman or child • Immigrants and minorities • Chinese Exclusion Act • Dangerous working conditions • Safety standards low The Wage Earners

33. The Wage Earners

34. Discussion Question • Who were the wage earners in the new economy? The Wage Earners

35. Culture of Work • Labor Unions • Labor Unrest Home

36. Culture of Work • Adjustments in work habits • Farm workers adjusted to factory’s disciplines • Impersonal work conditions • Economic and social mobility • Rags-to-riches stories - Horatio Alger • Workers did rise in status • Gave workers hope Culture of Work

37. Labor Unions • Low numbers in labor unions • Seen as “foreign” and radical • Workforce fragmented • Knights of Labor - 1869 • Founded as secret fraternal order • Open policy • Pitted workers against monopoly • Platform • Tide turned against Knights Culture of Work

38. Labor Unions (continued) • American Federation of Labor (AFL) • Founded by Samuel Gompers - 1886 • Practical improvements for wages and working conditions • Limited membership Culture of Work

39. Labor Unrest • Workers helped each other • Assisted new workers in acclimating • Social and fraternal organizations • Employers - strict laws of the market • Wanted a docile workforce • Strikes broke out • 1880–1900 - 23,000 strikes • Great Railroad Strike • Chicago Haymarket incident • Homestead Strike Culture of Work

40. Culture of Work

41. Culture of Work

42. Discussion Question • How did wage earners organize in this period, and what demands did they make? Culture of Work

43. Conclusion: Industrialization’sBenefits and Costs • Benefits of rapid industrialization • Rise in national power and wealth • Improved standard of living • Human cost of industrialization • Exploitation • Social unrest • Growing disparity between rich and poor • Increased power of giant corporations

44. How Did Labor Unrest Manifest Itself as Industrialization Spread? • Where was labor unrest most pronounced? • How did factors such as urbanization and wage levels affect labor activity? • How did the spread of Knights of Labor assemblies relate to the geographic distribution of different U.S. industries?