Functional Ontology of Artifacts

1. Functional Ontology of Artifacts Riichiro Mizoguchi The Institute of Scientific and Industrial ResearchOsaka University http://www.ei.sanken.osaka-u.ac.jp/

2. Agenda • Background • Organization of Engineering Knowledge • Functional Ontology of artifacts • Functional structure description frameworkand its deployment • Functional ontology • Function of artifacts • Function of Bio-organisms • Concluding Remarks • A unified ontology of function?

3. Knowledge Base (Model) Ontology Ontology as a model of the reality • Used as building blocks of knowledge-intensive systems • Something deeper than metadata • It provides foundation on which a KB or an application system is built An explicit specification of a hidden conceptualization of the target domain

4. Functional model of the target artifact Specific to an object. Function decomposition tree Generic function decomposition tree Attribute trees Dependent on designers viewpoint Viewpoint-specific structuring combination Ways of functional achievement General knowledge Description of way of achievement reference Physical law Principle Functional ontology Part library Functional layer Conceptualization of function Extended device ontology Funda- mental Specialization from device-centered view Top level ontology(entity, process, time, etc.) Layers of functional ontology and knowledge

5. Function types is-a make hold maintain Meta-functions Meta-functions is-a Functions to information compensate contribute Make informationexistent 情報をためる 情報をかくす Functions to force and motion mandatory contribution optional contribution allow prevent Function to force Function to motion 情報を変える Transmit information 情報を生成する control provide 情報を変える+ 情報を減らす drive enable 運動を非流動媒体間で伝える improve enhance Give force Entity functions Absorb force Obtain (I) Give (I) 伝える+ 運動を流動媒体間で流す 情報を増やす Combine (F) ためる Transmit (I)(2) Make entity existent Generate force 運動を存在させる 概略化する Search (I) Add (I) 詳細化する 情報の媒体を 変換する 運動をなくす Give (I)(2) Obtain (I) (2) Transmit force Distribute force Pass trough Separate 合わせる 生成する 一般化する 運動を 生成する 運動を 伝える 運動を 変える 特殊化する Change force 運動を合わせる Convert Pass tr.(2) Detach 分解する+ 分ける+ 運動を分ける Change direction Change magnitude 運動の方向を 変える 運動の種類を 変える Convert (F) 運動の大きさを 変える Change 分ける++ Pass tr.(3) Take out Change (2) Generate 結合力を なくす Increase Decrease A functional concept ontology Function types Energy function Make energy existent Store (E) Consume (E) Shift (E) Separate (E) Combine (E) Pass trough (E) Take (E) Give (E) Transmit (E) Convert (E) Pass tr.(E)(2) Remove (E) Transmit (E)(2) Change (E) Give (E)(2) Pass tr.(E)(3) Base functions Convert (E)(2) Take aw y (E)(2) Release (E) Increase magnitude (E) Decreasemagnitude (E) Add (E) Give (E)(3)

6. Function achievement way Theory Function Phenomena Functional Decomposition Way Structure Component Subfunction1 Subfunction2 Subfunction3 Method

7. Functional modeling framework “is-a” relations between generic functions (e) Functional concept ontology is-a Abstractions of“what to achieve” (f) Extended device ontology Instances of generic functions “is-achieved-by” relations among functions with ways (d) Attribute trees of ways(specific to each viewpoint) function Guide-lines Alternativeways Ways for way OR way Ways for AND AND AND is-a “is-a” relations between generic ways of function achievement based on their principles OR Organizing step Modeling step (c) The generic ways of function achievement • Functiondecomposition tree (b) General function decomposition tree Abstractions of“how to achieve”

8. Deployment into three manufacturing companies • Production Systems Engineering Division of Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd., Japan • History • Started in May, 2001. • Number of functional models: 103 machines as of Summer in 2003 • Number of people using: 50 • Used in daily work in 2 factories • SOFAST users’ group: Currently, 13 companies have joined • OntoGear by Just System Corp.

9. How functions of artifacts andbio-organisms are different

10. Issues • What Function is • Where Function exists • Essential Function and accidental Function • How Function is different from behavior

11. Definitions • Artifact Function is defined as: • the teleological interpretation of behavior under a goal • the Role played by behavior specified in a context • Biological Function is defined as: • the disposition of a certain entity reliably to act in such a way as to achieve a goal (Barry Smith)

12. A framework for capturing function A system as a whole Goal-I Intention purpose • Two kinds of Goals as a context • Goal-I: One includes ordinary goals which are possessed by the thing as a purpose intended by the thing itself or an outsider. • Goal-NI: The other is nothing to do with “intention” but something which is necessarily forced to have it from the system perspectives, that is, each component collaboratively contributes to the achievement of the consistent behavior of the total system. Goal-NI Agent Input Output Another agent Another agent a component

13. A heat exchanger Cooler liquid(fluid) Warmer liquid(fluid)

14. A Functional Upper Ontology A room enables a meeting To weld A clock tells time A fan cools down a man To separate A rod pushes up a cam To enable

15. Life-cyclic view of functions Functions exist outside an artifact Some essential properties enabling the function (Functionas a disposition) How behavior is different from function? Exhibition process of a function Requirements (in terms of function) Particular thing with a structure and materials Behavior Function used by the user/the other

16. My current understanding  Function = Function-I (supported by materials and structure) + Function-E (what behavior delivers) Context_1 Purpose/goal Function-E_1 = What behavior delivers Requirement (= use) Agent (Identity) Function-I (Disposition) Supported by materials and structure Function-E_2 = What behavior delivers Behavior Context_2 Purpose/goal Determined_by Supported_by Accidental function=E Essential function-E

17. Concluding remarks • Functional ontology • Function of artifacts has been established and deployed into the industries • The definition of Biological function is very different from that of Artifact function • An upper level functional ontology helps organize various definitions of function • How can we come up with a unified model of function?

18. Thank you

19. Major elements Device(plays an agent role) It operates on the flowing thing(operand) to process it．Black box assumption Conduit＝Semi-agent Ideally, it can be considered that it changes only location of the flowing thing. E.g., pipe and shaft Operand (which virtually flows with an operand role) What is virtually flowing between devices It is processed by the device. The change of its state is interpreted as the behavior of the device.E.g., energy, fluid, motion&force, information Medium It maintains the flowing thing to enable it “to flow”E.g., fluid and shaft It might flow, but not necessarily Connection, Input/output Flowing stuff Conduit Device Medium Extended device ontology

20. inlet energy(heat) outlet energy(heat) p1 p2 energy flow inlet medium outlet medium p3 p4 ports Generic definition of function Energy function on a medium two different mediums • Function is a teleological interpretation of a behavior under a goal • Function = behavior + functional topping (FT) • Our modeling language: FBRL [IJCAI 1995] • FTs: Focused attribute, focused ports, necessity pass trough is-a shift recipient Focus onsource give1 transport take Need Behavioral model NoNeed convert give2 remove rob heat zero cool1 generate add pressure radiator heat functional topping of “to take” heat1 press heater pump :f-def ((focus-on-ports ?fd ?p3 ?p4)) behavioral condition functional topping of “to give” :e-def (and (has-energy-objects ?fd (?e0 ?e1 ?e2)) (has-medium ?fd ?m0 ?e0) (has-port ?fd (?p1 ?p3) (?p2 ?p4)... ) :b-def (and (mp-relation ?e0 ?e1) (mp-relation ?e0 ?e2) (mp-relation ?m0 ?m1) (not (mp-relation ?m0 ?m2)) “focus on the source-medium of the transfer" :f-def ((focus-on-ports ?fd ?p1 ?p2)) “focus on the medium receiving the energy”