Reporting Category 3

1. Reporting Category 3 Postclassical Civilizations

2. Justinian • Byzantine Emporer • Codification of Roman Law • Justinian Code • Basis for Western Legal systems • Reconquest of former Roman Territories • Expansion of Trade • Constantinople’s location was at the center of trade routes

3. Byzantine Achievements Art and Architecture Byzantine Culture Inspiration provided by Christian religion and Imperial Power Icons (religious images) Mosaics in public & religious structures (pieces of colored tile or glass) Hagia Sophia –Domed Church in Constantinople Continued traditions of Greco-Roman culture Greek Language Greek Orthodox Church (Eastern Orthodox) Greek & Roman Knowledge was preserved in Byzantine Libraries

4. Division in the Christian Church Roman Catholic Church Eastern Orthodox Church Centered in Rome Farther from the seat of power after Constantinople became capital Use of Latin in the Liturgy Pope was the Head of the Church No Emperor to answer to Centered in Constantinople Close to the seat of power after Constantinople became capital Use of Greek in the liturgy Patriarch was head of church Underneath the Emperor

5. Division in the Christian Church • The Great Schism – Split in the Christian Church • Authority of the Pope was eventually accepted in the West • Authority of the Patriarch was accepted in the East • Differences is Church Practices • Celibacy • Use of Icons • Language

6. Byzantine Culture, Eastern Europe, & Russia • Constantinople was located on the trade routes between the Black and Baltic Seas • Much of Eastern Europe, as well as Russia, adopted Eastern Orthodox Christianity • St. Cyril adapted the Greek alphabet for the Slavic People (Cyrillic Alphabet) • Influence on Church architecture and religious art

7. Church Architecture Byzantine Church Roman Catholic Church

8. Origins, Beliefs, Customs, & Spread of Islam • Muhammad, the Prophet • Mecca & Median – Early Muslim cities on the Saudi Arabian peninsula • Islam spread across Asia and Africa, and into Spain • Monotheistic – Allah (Arabic word for God) • Qu’ran (Koran) – The word of God (Holy Book) • Five Pillars of Islam – Basis of beliefs • Acceptance of Judeo-Christian prophets, including Abraham, Moses, and Jesus

10. Historical Turning Points in ISLAM • The death of Muhammad led to a split in the Islamic Faith • Sunni – Shi’a division • Muslim conquests of Jerusalem • Christian attempts to recapture Jerusalem - Crusades • Umayyad Dynasty moved the Muslim capital to Damascus • Abbasid Dynasty moved the Muslim capital to Baghdad • Muslims defeated by Charles Martel (Franks) at the Battle of Tours • End of Muslim Expansion into Western Europe • Fall of Baghdad to the Mongols • End of Muslim Empire

11. Cultural Contributions of Muslim Empire • Architecture (The Dome of the Rock) • Mosaics • Arabic Alphabet • Universities • Translation of Ancient texts into Arabic

12. Cultural Contributions of the Muslim Empire The Dome of the Rock Mosaics Arabic Alphabet Universities (Calligraphy)

13. Scientific Contributions of the Muslim World • Arabic Numerals • Adapted from India • Included Zero • Algebra • Medicine • Expansion of Geographic Knowledge

14. Foundations of Early Medieval Society • Classical Heritage of Rome • Christian Beliefs • Customs of Germanic tribes • Influence of the Roman Catholic Church • Secular authority declined, while Church authority grew • Monasteries preserved Greco-Roman cultural achievements • Missionaries carried Christianity & Latin alphabet to Germanic Tribes • Pope anointed Charlemagne “Holy Roman Emporer” in 800 A.D. • Parish Priest served the social and religious needs of the people

15. Age of Charlemagne • Franks emerged as a Western European force • The Pope crowned the Emperor in 800 A.D. • The church’s power was established in politics • Roman culture was reinterpreted • Most of Western Europe was a part of this new Empire • Churches, Roads, and Schools were built to unite the Empire