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How quarks came to Kraków?

This article discusses the origins and early developments of quark research at Jagellonian University in Kraków. It highlights the significant contributions from researchers since the 1960s, including the first appearances of quark-related discussions in academic papers and the establishment of summer schools in the region. The narrative details key figures, seminal works, and the evolution of concepts surrounding quarks in particle physics, culminating in a celebration of the intellectual legacy of Andrzej Białas and his contemporaries.

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How quarks came to Kraków?

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  1. How quarks came to Kraków? Krzysztof Fiałkowski Jagellonian University

  2. Introduction • First appearance of quarks: M. Gell-Mann, Phys. Lett.8 (1964) 214 (name from James Joyce’s Finnegan’s Wake; „aces” of Zweig lost the competition). • Early 70’s: in a mock paper on the spin analysis of photoproduction in Lipkin’s „Journal of Irreproducible Results” one of the references reads: • „A. Bialas and K. Zalewski, Jagellmanian University preprint, Cwarkow” • How did Kraków and its University get such names,and who was „responsible” for it?

  3. First Cracow Summer Schools • Turbacz 1961 • Kalatówki 1962 • Chochołowska 1963 • Szczawnica 1964 • Zakopane 1965 • Kalatówki 1966 No quarks yet! Andrzej’s talks: ‘61-’63 on general relativity; (‘64-’65 in CERN), ‘66 on „Coherent Interactions at High Energy”.

  4. First appearances of quarks at Zakopane School • Kalatówki 1967: J. Rayski: A Dynamical Theory of Quarks, J. Werle: Some Aspects of the Quark Model • Kalatówki 1968: • Białas and K. Zalewski: The quark model • Kalatówki 1969: K. Zalewski: Quark model (collisions) E. Obryk: Quark model (structure)

  5. First papers on quark model for cross-sections • E.M. Levin and L.L. Frankfurt: JETP 2(1965) 105 • H.J. Lipkin and F. Scheck: Phys. Rev. Lett. 16 (1966) 71 The relations for the total cross-sections from the additivity assumption for the elastic amplitudes (via optical theorem). How about other cross-sections?

  6. More QM for two-body processes • G. Alexander, H.J. Lipkin and F. Scheck, Phys.Rev. Lett. 17 (1966) 412 – charge and strangeness exchange processes • C. Itzykson and M. Jacob, Nuovo Cimento 48A (1967) 909; J.L. Friar and J.S. Trefil, Nuovo Cimento 49 (1967) 642 - spin

  7. First Kraków (and Andrzej’s) papers on quarks • A. Bialas, A. Gula and B. Muryn, Phys. Lett. B24 (1967) 428 – spin correlations in QM, choice of Lorentz frame • A. Bialas, A. Gula and B. Muryn, Acta Phys. Pol. 32 (1967) 443 – QM for elastic and inelastic charge exchange processes • A. Bialas and K. Zalewski, Phys. Lett. B26 (1968) 170 – joint decay distibutions in QM

  8. „Brilliant review of QM applied to the inelastic processes” (J.J.J. Kokkedee, The quark model) • A. Białas and K. Zalewski: Systematics of the relations following from the quark model, Nucl. Phys. B6 (1968) (I) Relations between different cross-sections, p. 449; (II) Constraints on decay distributions of resonances, p. 469; (III) Comparison of decay distributions of resonances produced in different reactions, p. 478; (IV) Photoproduction (with A. Guła and B. Muryn), p.483.

  9. Other Kraków papers on quarks • A. Białas and A. Eskreys, JU preprint TPJU-10/68 – VM production at high energy and the QM; • B. Gorczyca, Acta Phys. Pol. 33 (1968) 471 – QM for strangeness exchange; • K. Fiałkowski and K. Zalewski, Acta Phys. Pol. 34 (1968) 521- simplified derivation of the QM spin predictions; • A. Kotański and K. Zalewski, Nucl. Phys. B12 (1969) 72 – QM and scalar amplitudes for two-body processes; Phys. Lett. B29 (1969) 596 – polarization experiments and additive QM;Nucl. Phys. B13 (1969) 119 – QM predictions for joint decay distributions; • A. Białas and K. Zalewski, Phys. Lett. B30 (1969) 109 – QM for „forbidden peaks”; • K. Fiałkowski, Acta Phys. Pol. 36 (1969) 491, 1007 - QM and exchange degeneracy; Acta Phys. Pol. B1 (1970) 375 - QM and line reversal symmetry breaking; • A. Kotański and K. Zalewski, Nucl. Phys. B15 (1970) 242 – QM predictions for decay distributions of resonances from 0-1/2+->1-3/2+; Acta Phys. Pol. B1 (1970) 37 – QM predictions for photoproduction of resonances • A. Białas and O. Czyżewski, Phys. Lett. B35 (1971) 576 – QM for the Inclusive reactions. • A. Białas and A. Kotański, Nucl. Phys. B19 (1970) 667 – QM for the polarization of L and S from decay of Y* produced in two-body processes • A. Białas, A. Kotański and K. Zalewski, Nucl. Phys. B28 (1971) 1 – AQM in Jackson frame...

  10. Conclusions The answers for the questions from the first page seem rather obvious, so this is one more reason to say: Happy Birthday, Andrzej!

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