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Age of Absolutism

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selina
23 diapositives · 365 Views · Aug 04, 2014

The Age of Absolutism marked a period of powerful monarchies in Europe, notably characterized by figures like Philip II of Spain and Louis XIV of France. Philip II, a devout Catholic and absolute ruler, expanded his empire through wars and sought to combat Protestantism. His conflicts included the Spanish Armada against England. In France, Louis XIV, known as the "Sun King," centralized power and built a strong state but faced challenges like the Fronde and costly wars. The period also saw the rise of parliamentary power in England, leading to major conflicts with the Stuart Kings.

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  1. Age of Absolutism

  2. Spain • Philip II • Married Mary Tudor • Hardworking, devout and ambitious • Absolute ruler: • Complete authority over the gov’t and the lives of the people • Divine right: believed his authority to rule came directly from God

  3. Philip II • Guardian of the Catholic Church • Turn back rising Protestants • Turned Inquisition a/g Protestants and heretics

  4. Philip II • Many wars to advance power • a/g Ottomans • Rebels in the Netherlands • Northern provinces of Netherlands declared their independence from Spain

  5. Philip II • Armada sails a/g England • Elizabeth I: Enemy #1 • Supported the Dutch a/g Spain • Prepared a huge armada (fleet) to invade- outmaneuvered by English ships

  6. France Wars of religion • Catholic majority vs. Huguenots (Protestants) • St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre • Royal wedding; massacre of 3,000 Huguenots

  7. Henry IV • Huguenot prince; inherited throne • Eventually converted to Catholicism • Edict of Nantes: • Religious toleration for Huguenots

  8. Cardinal Richelieu • Henry IV killed by an assassin • Richelieu appointed as chief minister • Destroy power of Huguenots & nobles • Hand-picked his successor

  9. Louis XIV • The Fronde • Nobles, merchants, peasants & urban poor re belled to protest royal power & preserve their own • Rioters drove the boy king from his palace • Resolved to take complete control over the government

  10. Louis XIV • Believed in divine right to rule • “Sun king” • Did not call Estates General one time • Strongest army in Europe • Expanded bureaucracy • Appointed intendants (royal officials who collected taxes, etc.)

  11. Louis XIV • Financial minister: Jean-Baptiste Colbert • Mercantilist policies • New lands cleared for farming, encouraged mining and industry, built luxury trading • Fostered overseas colonies • Regulated trade with colonies

  12. Versailles • P. 512

  13. Decline of Louis XIV • Costly wars • Balance of power among Euro nations • War of the Spanish Succession • Revoked Edict of Nantes • Huguenots fled from France • Blow to French economy

  14. Parliament Triumphs in England • Tudors work w/ Parliament • Believed in divine right, but listened to Parliament • Monarch = head of Church of England

  15. Stuart Kings • James I • Claimed absolute power and divine right • Dissolved Parliament and collected taxes on his own • Clashed with dissenters (Protestants who differed from the Church of England) • Puritans- “purify”

  16. Stuart Kings • Charles I • Absolute monarch • Imprisoned people w/o trial; taxed like crazy • Forced to summon Parliament • Sign Petition of Right- can’t raise taxes w/o Parliament’s consent • Signed, but ignored for 11 years • Trying to revive Catholic practices?

  17. Stuart Kings • Charles I (still) • Long Parliament: lasted from 1640-1653 on&off • Tried & executed chief ministers • Charles I led troops into the House of Commons to arrest people • Civil War: 1642-1651 • Parliament won

  18. Stuart Kings • Cavaliers (supporters of Charles I) vs. Roundheads (revolutionaries) • Roundheads led by Oliver Cromwell • Skilled general- army composed of skill • Defeated Cavaliers; captured King by 1647

  19. Stuart Kings • Put Charles I on trial • Condemned him to death • Shock waves through Europe • First time a ruling monarch had been tried & executed by his own people • No ruler could claim absolute power and ignore the law

  20. Cromwell and the Commonwealth • Abolished monarchy • England = republic (known as Commonwealth) • Leader = Oliver Cromwell • Social revolution: Puritans • More strict • Education improved • Religious freedom for other Protestant groups- welcomed Jews

  21. Stuart Kings • Charles II • Reopened & reestablished • Accepted Petition of Right • Religious toleration • Avoided mistakes

  22. Stuart Kings • James II • Charles’s brother • Practiced Catholicism openly • Angered subjects • Feared he would restore Catholic Church

  23. Glorious Revolution • 1688- Parliament invited William III of Orange and Mary (James’s Protestant daughter) to rule England • James II fled to France • Bloodless overthrow of the king