The Gravitational Deflection of Electromagnetic Waves show Strong Impact Parameter Dependency

1. The Gravitational Deflection of Electromagnetic Waves show Strong Impact Parameter Dependency at Plasma Limb of Sun and Stars A Direct Violation of General Relativity Edward Henry Dowdye, Jr. NPA

3. General Relativity predicts as function of Impact Parameter in empty vacuum space

4. General Relativity integrated effect Gauss Law

8. PRINCIPALOF RECIPROCITY MINIMUM ENERGY PATH or MINIMUM TIME PATH

10. Gravitational Light Bending as function of Impact Parameter in Plasma Free Vacuum Space

11. General Relativity as function of Impact Parameter in empty vacuum space

12. The Observations as function of Impact Parameter in empty vacuum space

13. As Function of the Impact Parameter A light bending effect due to the sun’s gravitational field, should, as theoretically predicted by General Relativity, take place at the Gaussian sphere, 2R, yielding 1/2 of 1.75 arcsec, at the Gaussian sphere, 3R, yielding 1/3 of 1.75 arcsec. This should be noticeable for nR using modern technical means.

14. THE OBSERVATIONAL EVIDENCE At 550 AU Seen at the plasma focal length At 550 AU, 4x550 AU, 9x550 AU, . . , etc. Far Observer will see NO EVIDENCE  for an  Einstein ring from the high impact parameter light rays  PREDICTION OF GENERAL RELATIVITY NO EVIDENCE  for  Einstein Rings from high impact parameter rays 

15. THE OBSERVATIONAL EVIDENCE The Focal Length of the Solar Plasma Rim 1.75 arcsec 550 AU The focal length F and the radius R of the sun are expressed in the same units. The light rays from a distant star of 1 solar mass M and 1 solar radius R will come to a focus at a distance of roughly 550 astronomical units, assuming a convergence angle of 1.75 arcsec. It has been a long desire of astrophysicists, SETI study groups and the International Academy of Astronautics, to send instruments to large astronomical distances to exploit the light bending focal length of the sun’s rim. The predicted image of a low impact parameter Einstein ring is illustrated above at far right. This feature is already being observed in a number of nearby stellar systems.

16. THE OBSERVATIONAL EVIDENCE The Focal Length of the Solar Plasma Rim No light bending in vacuum space at high impact parameters Far Observer will see NO EVIDENCE  for an  Einstein ring from the high impact parameter light rays  Near Observer will see an Einstein Ring from light rays at Solar Plasma Impact Parameter  1R 550 AU 2R 4 x 550 AU = 2200 AU 3R 9 x 550 AU = 4950 AU The near observer placed at 550 AU, as illustrated, should see an image of a low impact parameter Einstein ring corresponding to plasma limb radius (R). The far observer, according to all Astrophysical evidence to date, has never seen and will not to see any evidence of an Einstein ring despite all the current modern astrophysical means. The far observer at 2200 AU can see no image of Einstein rings as the light rays at high impact parameters, 2R, 3R, etc, are not bent.

17. THE OBSERVATIONAL EVIDENCE No Gravitational Light Bending Occurs At Astronomically Large Impact Parameters in empty vacuum space

18. THE QUESTION IS Where are the Einstein Rings?

19. No Gravitational Light Bending on the Rays of Star Light at Astronomically Large Impact Parameters in empty vacuum space

20. Distance / Rsun 0.10 0.05 0 no lensing observed negligible or no lensing observed

21. The Shapiro Delay A Frequency Dependent Transit-Time Effect noticeable transit time delay as a function of the impact parameter of the microwave beam relative to the sun

22. THE OBSERVATIONAL EVIDENCE no bending of optical, IR orUVwaves due to the electron density profile

24. From the Book Discourses & Mathematical Illustration pertaining to the  Extinction Shift Principle Solved Problems on GRAVITATION Solar Light Bending (in Plasma Atmosphere of Sun) Here, it is found that, due to the gravitational gradient of the plasma of the sun, the very same light bending equation of is derived using pure classical assumptions only. Exactly 1.75 arcsec of light bending in the plasma atmosphere of the sun is predicted by this Extinction Shift Principle because of pure classical reasons only. The significant finding here is that for nearly a century of intense observations, an indirect interaction between the gravitational field of the sun and the rays of light of the stars has been observed, not a direct interaction as predicted by General Relativity. The mere fact that this effect is observed for a century only in the plasma atmosphere of the sun is in itself a direct violation and thus an astrophysical discount and disproof of the light bending rule of General Relativity. Recall that Relativity claims gravitational light bending effect should occur in the vacuum space just slightly above the solar rim of the plasma as well as in the solar plasma atmosphere.

26. Redshift Redshift

30. THE PREDICTION OF GENERAL RELATIVITY Direct Gravitation-Electromagnetism Interaction

31. THE OBSERVATIONAL EVIDENCE No Gravitational Light Bending Occurs in Empty Vacuum Space No Direct Gravitation-Electromagnetism Interaction

32. THE OBSERVATIONAL EVIDENCE at the Galactic Center

34. From symmetry we have Solving for the radius of the impact parameter of the light ray and thus the radius of the Einstein Ring expressed in radians we have and finally Radius of the Einstein Ring

35. Note that the angle of deflection for the approach segment, one half of the total gravitational effect, is exactly equal to the radius of the solved Einstein ring expressed in radians and is given as    This is a rarely covered fundamental on in modern academic textbooks. The accumulative effect must sum the effects on the light ray upon approach and receding the gravitating mass. From above, the total accumulative effect is thus

43. E. H. Dowdye, “Time resolved images from the center of the Galaxy appear to counter General Relativity”,Astronomische Nachrichten, Vol. 328, 2, pp. 186-191 (2007) Published online at: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/search/allsearch

46. Röntgenemission der NGC 2300 Gruppe Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik der Universität München Observatorium Wendelstein

47. SUMMARY and CONCLUSIONS • The OBSERVATIONAL EVIDENCE and the PROFOUND FUNDAMENTALS • reveal • A Direct Interaction betweenGravitation & Light does not occur in Empty Vacuum Space • No Gravitational Light Bending occurs far above the Plasma Rim of the Sun and the Stars • Einstein rings are not seen among the star filled skies • because very large Impact Parameters are required • There is no evidence for Gravitational Light bending • at the site of Sagittarius A* as the evidence reveals • presence of an extremely good vacuum at this site.

49. Ecoulomb = 214,2 Mev / Atom

50. Ecoulomb = 214,2 Mev / Atom