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Going Public in Overseas Stock Markets 中国公司境外上市
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Going Public in Overseas Stock Markets中国公司境外上市 Allied World Economics & Technology Office (Aweto) 联盟世界经济技术办公室 Friday, November 14, 2014
中国概念股的海外热潮 • Chasing China's growth • Many of the Chinese companies seeking U.S. listings focus on their domestic market, so they provide investors access to a market where GDP is growing faster than 9% a year. • 中国概念股的海外热潮始于2003年4月,最突出的标志就是2003年4月起,巴菲特开始在香港买进中国石油(0857.HK),曾持有23.48亿股中石油, 股权比例高达13.5%,成为中石油第二大外资股东。巴菲特的投资也因此带动了国际间中国企业概念的热浪,市场开始大量追逐在香港挂牌的中国国有企业。 • 2003年,中国在海外上市(香港、新加坡、纽约、纳斯达克)的企业共有33家,集资金额接近68亿美元。 33家中10家在香港上市,1家在香港和纽约两地同时上市,13家在香港创业板上市。 • 2004年中国大陆和香港合计IPO的数目为182,集资161.08亿美元。中国大陆上市公司数目同比增长了51%。集资额水平同比持平。 • 热潮在中国人寿被20倍超额认购后达到最高峰。 • 盛大网络在美国IPO令人失望表明近期投资者对中国公司上市的兴趣开始减弱。 • 经济降温、财务情况促市场转向 • 中国人寿被美国证监会调查与中国经济的降温举措被市场认为是中国概念股降温的导火索 • 美国经济的复苏,Google上市 -> 新一轮美国公司IPO热潮 -> 国际投行重回美国本土市场 -> 中国概念股受冷. • 中国概念股威胁论 • 中国的银行对中小企业支持有限,民营企业正在受到结构性融资的限制,许多中小企业家都有意另辟一条境外上市的“蹊径”。 • 在未来10年,可能会有1000家中国企业赴美上市。 • 2003年,摩根斯坦利资本国际中国指数飙升81%,主要跟踪中国H股的恒生中国企业指数飙升122.2%。 联盟世界经济技术办公室 Aweto
Easier access to the capital market and Lower cost of capital Liquidity having the ability to sell the stock quickly Investors place a high premium on liquidity Minority shareholders can easily cash out. Maximize shareholders interests by higher P/E Ratio. Public companies trade at significantly higher valuation than private firms with similar financial characteristics because of the liquidity of public companies. A private Company’s P/E is usually about 6, whereas a public company’s P/E can be more than 15. Please see the table below. By going public, the value of a company is immediately valued at a higher. So, new value is created for existing shareholders More revenues for future financing Public company's stock can be used as collateral for loans. Creation of a stock currency to fund potential acquisition Enhancing corporate visibility and prestige Better company Image and more marketing and PR Benefits Equity-based compensation for management and employees increasing employee’s royalty and enthusiasm Make benefits package more attractive by offering stock or options to let employees work for the company’s success. Assists management succession Lowering risks by distributing risks to public market 上市公司最大的优势是可以在证券市场上大规模筹集资金,资金成本相对降低; 公司上市后由于知名度、透明度和信用度的提高,可以通过资本市场直接融资或进行私募发行。 流通性(或称可套现性) 能够很快地出售股票 投资对流通性好的股票给予高溢价 小股东容易套现 更高市盈率使得股东利益最大化 因为上市公司所具有的流通性,上市公司以比具有同样财务特性的非上市公司高出许多的溢价交易。 非上市公司的市盈率一般在六左右,而上市公司的市盈率可以高出15。请参考下表。 通过上市,公司的价值立刻得到提升,为现有股东创造了新的价值 拓宽公司融资渠道 上市公司股票可以抵押贷款。 容易从供应商和银行获得信用 以股票货币形式并购其他企业,开展后继资本运作 上市后公司很容易用增发股票的方式并购其它企业、整合资源,而不需要动用大量的现金。 增加公司的曝光率和提高公司的地位 更好的公司形象,更多的市场推广和公共关系方面的好处。(当然也有公众压力的坏处) 给予管理层和雇员股票相关的报酬 可以给员工股票或股票期权,使得员工为公司的成功而工作,这使得福利方案更加有吸引力。 增加雇员的忠诚度和工作热情。由于公司股票有了市值和流通性,易用股票期权作为激励方法和留住关键员工。 也帮助管理层取得成功 风险分散 为什么要上市?——上市公司所享受的好处 联盟世界经济技术办公室 Aweto
Easier access to the capital market and Lower cost of capital Liquidity having the ability to sell the stock quickly Investors place a high premium on liquidity Minority shareholders can easily cash out. Maximize shareholders interests by higher P/E Ratio. Public companies trade at significantly higher valuation than private firms with similar financial characteristics because of the liquidity of public companies. A private Company’s P/E is usually about 6, whereas a public company’s P/E can be more than 15. Please see the table below. By going public, the value of a company is immediately valued at a higher. So, new value is created for existing shareholders More revenues for future financing Public company's stock can be used as collateral for loans. Creation of a stock currency to fund potential acquisition Enhancing corporate visibility and prestige Better company Image and more marketing and PR Benefits Equity-based compensation for management and employees increasing employee’s royalty and enthusiasm Make benefits package more attractive by offering stock or options to let employees work for the company’s success. Assists management succession Lowering risks by distributing risks to public market Why to Go Public? -- The Benefits Enjoyed by a Public Company 联盟世界经济技术办公室 Aweto
企业的营运成本(费用和时间)增加Cost of Listing and Consummation of Management Time: 审计和律师费用: 公司需要聘用相关行政人员和独立懂事等、 各项申报: 企业的透明度增加Disclosure Requirements: 严格的信息披露政策,可能会影响到企业的业务。上市之后,如果在信息披露上不能达到要求,则要付出高昂的代价。 作为上市企业,公众可以了解企业的各项财务数据、重大变更、主要客户的名称和交易量,主要股东和高层管理人员的利益分配 (salaries, perquisites, etc)。 公司治理增强Corporate GovernanceRequirements 在安然事件发生后,美国加强了对上市企业的监管力度,企业必须增加透明度和加强内部监管程序。 财务和管理纪律化Financial and Management Discipline 受托责任 Fiduciary Responsibilities 投资人多样化Diverse Investor Base 外部环境的影响增加Pressure from public: 任何国际形势的变化、汇率的变化都会对跨国经营企业的价值产生重大影响。例如,如果人民币对美元的汇率大幅下降,那么即使企业的盈利和增长率表现良好,企业的市场价值仍然可以是负面的表现。 保密Confidentiality 提供股东价值的压力Pressure to deliver “Shareholder Value”. 培训需要Staff/Management Training Needs 被告的风险Risks of having lawsuit Sued by Stockholders 失去独立经营及对公司的控制权 Losing control of the business You might find yourself not running the business they way you want to, but the way the stockholders want to. Hostile takeovers (put defensive clauses into your IPO charter) 在美国上市对中国企业的挑战 (上市的“不利”因素) Challenges of Listing 联盟世界经济技术办公室 Aweto
Going Public Disadvantages • Profit-sharing • If the firm is sitting on a highly successful venture, future success (and profit) has to be shared with outsiders. After the typical IPO, about 40% of the company remains with insiders, but this can vary from 1% to 88%, with 20% to 60% being comfortably normal. • Loss of Confidentiality • A major reason why firms resist going public is the loss of confidentiality in company operations and policies. For example, a company could be destroyed if the company were to disclose its technology or profitability to its competitors. • Reporting and Fiduciary Responsibilities • Public companies must continuously file reports with the SEC and the exchange they list on. They must comply with certain state securities laws ("blue sky"), NASD and exchange guidelines. This disclosure costs money and provides information to competitors. • Loss of Control • Outsiders are often in a position to take control of corporate management and might even fire the entrepreneur/company founder. While there are effective anti-takeover measures, investors are not willing to pay a high price for a company in which poor management could not be replaced. • IPO Expenses • An IPO is a costly undertaking. A typical firm may spend about 15-25% of the money raised on direct expenses. Even more resources are spent indirectly (management time, disruption of business). • Immediate Cash-out Usually Not Permitted • Typically, IPO entrepreneurs face various restrictions that do not permit them to cash out for many months after the IPO. • Liability • The company, its management, and other participants may be subject to liability for false or misleading statements and omissions in the registration documents or in the reports filed by the company after it becomes public. In addition management may be subject to law suits by the stockholders for breaches of fiduciary duty, self dealing and other claims, whether or not true. 联盟世界经济技术办公室 Aweto
股本结构 Share Structure 一种还是两种股票 公司章程中反收购的规定 清理股本结构—清除优先股、认股权证等。 特殊的股权结构:如INTERNET公司上市的“新浪结构”。 法律结构 Legal Structure 考虑公司所受管辖权的改变。 检查现有债务 检查股票记录是否符合发行手续 将相关公司合并为一 保证主要合同均有约束力且为长期合同(投资银行和股市不喜欢不确定性) 公司治理 Corporation Governance 更新董事会和股东大会记录 将非正式的惯例成文化 清理内部交易,例如贷款、关联交易合同、租赁、异常的“小帐”-- 招股说明书可能要求对此进行披露 考虑预先将主要文件译成英文以加快登记程序。 Minority investors, which would be all American investors, just don't have any leverage to enforce management to act in the best interest of shareholders 上巿前应考虑的结构性问题 联盟世界经济技术办公室 Aweto
管理层事项 Management Issues • Stock Options and Incentive Plan管理层和雇员持股和奖励计划 • Key managers ought to be offered options关键的管理层人员应该提供股票期权 • 保证这些计划有足够的股票并且具有足够的灵活性以支持你在初次公开招股后的发展计划。 • It would be normal to negotiate management terms prior to listing.管理层的管理合同 • Confidential Agreement and Employment/Compensation Agreement保密协议和雇佣/待遇协议 联盟世界经济技术办公室 Aweto
Chinese investors choice: China: Shanghai Shenzhen Hong Kong Singapore Japan US Canada London Germany 一个股市上“同向涨跌的股票数”基本可反映该市场信息浑浊的程度:同向涨跌的股票数越多,说明股市越浑。 The no. of stocks going the same direction indicate how clear a stock market is: China: 80% Singapore: 69.7% Hong Kong: 68% Japan: 66% London: 63% US: 57% Which Market is More Transparent?哪个股票市场更透明清澈? 联盟世界经济技术办公室 Aweto
P/E Ratio of Chinese Stocks in Different Markets中国股票在不同股票市场上的市盈率 • For non-state-owned companies, their average P/E ratio: • China: 60.41 • Hong Kong: 22.61 • NASDAQ: 22.57 • Singapore: 5.77 • 香港上市的16家民企平均市盈率为22.61,远低于内地上市民企60.41倍的市盈率。 • 新加坡上市的两家民企平均市盈率为5.77,是四地上市民企中最低的。 • 美国纳斯达克上市的两家民企平均市盈率是22.57,和香港差不多。 联盟世界经济技术办公室 Aweto