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Anthocerophyta - The Enigmatic Hornworts

Explore the fascinating world of Anthocerophyta, ancient plants found in tropical rainforests with unique adaptations. Learn about their life cycle, morphology, and diverse habitats. Discover the importance and challenges of these bryophytes.

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Anthocerophyta - The Enigmatic Hornworts

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  1. Anthocerophyta (Hornworts) Block 5 4/6/09 Haley McKee- Image research and development Brianna Powers- Product representative and technical support Stephie Peters- Text research and development

  2. Habitat • Antherocerophyta • Appeared in the late Cretaceous period in the Mesozoic era • Found in tropical rain forests • Lives in damp soils or on rocks in tropical and warm temerate regions

  3. Long Term Adaptations • Simplest plant to develop a cuticle • Cellular jacket surrounds the sperm and egg to hold in moisture • They have large gametophytes that do not depend on the sporophytes for nutrition • Hornworts have developed rhizoids which are root like parts use for anchoring

  4. Alternation of Generations Haploid Male and female gametophytes Dominant life cycle stage Diploid

  5. Morphology sporophyte (Consists of pseudoelaters) • The best way to distinguish a hornwort (especially from a liverwort or fern gametophyte) is to look at the plant under a low-power microscope; hornworts will generally have a single large chloroplast per cell. near-basal meristem gametophyte

  6. Fertilization • Plants are coasted with a thin film of water and chemical attractants that draw sperm toward the archegonia to fertilize egg. • Need water to reproduce!

  7. Gametophyte and Sporophyte • Gametophyte is also called the thallus • A single thallus can produce multiple sporophytes • Once sporophyte is formed it continues to grow just above the base • If conditions aren’t suitable for the gametophyte the sporophyte will stop growing • Sporophytes can photosynthesize but they depend heavily on the gametophyte’s carbon supply • A sporophyte cannot survive without the gametophyte

  8. Examples

  9. Diversity • There are 330 known species • Habitats are located in moist areas • They can range from tropical forests to swamps • Hornworts can float freely in water or attach themselves to rocks and soil

  10. Benefits • Bryophytes had been the prevalent vegatation in the first 100 million years in terrestrial communities. • Scattered all throughout the world because of the easily traveling sperm. • Hornworts are seen as pests due to the fact that they grow easily and overtake water areas.

  11. Citations • J. Hyvonen and S. Piippo. 1993. Cladistic analysis of the hornworts (Anthocerotophyta). • J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 74: 105-119. • P. Kenrick. 1994. Alternation of generations in land plants: new phylogenetic and palaeobotanical evidence. Biol. Rev. 69: 293-330. • McCubbin. PLANT DIVERSITY I: THE ORIGIN OF PLANTS AND COLONIZATION OF THE LAND. Retrieved April 09, 2009 from . http://74.125.47.132/search?q=cache:aGhWR30AXcgJ:www.slic.wsu.edu/bios/biol106/Lecture06notes.pdf+anthocerophyta+when+plants+are+coated+with+a+thin+of+water&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us. • Starr, L. (2003). Biology Concepts and Application. Wadsworth Group. • (April 8, 2009). Hornwort. Retrieved April 13, 2009 from Nelson City Council. http://www.nelsoncitycouncil.co.nz/environment/-natural/pests/pest-directory/total/hornwart.htm. • hornwort. ( 2009). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved April  6,  2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9041094

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