REVIEW FOR THE UNIT 10 TEST

1. REVIEW FOR THE UNIT 10 TEST The Industrial Revolution Unifications of Italy and Germany Age of Imperialism

2. REVIEW FOR THE UNIT 10 TEST INSTRUCTIONS: Go through the slides and answer each question in the packet; the slide numbers are listed for each question

3. What is NATIONALISM? • Nationalism is loyalty and devotion to a nation of people • It is a sense of national identity exalting one nation above all others • It can be defined as pride in one’s nation, and it can also be defined as the desire of an ethnic group to have its own country

4. ITALY and GERMANY: TWO DIVIDED NATIONS As of the early 1800s, the German and Italian people were DIVIDED into numerous small states. Germany and Italy would not become fully unified until 1871 GERMAN STATES ITALIAN STATES

5. GARIBALDI: UNIFIER OF ITALY Giuseppe Garibaldi wanted a unified Italy under a republic style of government Garibaldi, who always wore a red shirt in battle, named his forces the “Redshirts”

6. BISMARCK: UNIFIER OF GERMANY Otto von Bismarck was the Prime Minister of Prussia in the 1860s Bismarck’s goal was the unification of the German states under the leadership of Prussia

7. BISMARCK: UNIFIER OF GERMANY • Otto was an advocate of realpolitik, “politics of reality”, where there is no room for idealism • As someone in favor of realpolitik, Bismarck was ruthless and saw using force, threats, and deceit as ways to achieve his goals

8. “BLOOD AND IRON” • In 1862, Bismarck makes his intentions known: • “Germany will not be united through speeches and diplomacy, but through blood and iron.”

9. As a result of new methods in farming (such as crop rotation), more food was made and Europe’s population increased

10. WHAT IS THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION? “The Industrial Revolution” refers to the time period when there was a huge increase of machine-made goods, which replaced work done by hand

11. The Industrial Revolution led to (1) lower costs of producing goods, (2) mass production of goods, increased profits, (3) movement of people to cities, and (4) more people working low-skilled factory jobs

12. Workplace safety decreased for workers: factories were often dirty, dangerous, and unhealthy; hours were long and pay was low

13. The population boom created a demand for clothing, but traditional methods of textile making were slow As a result, the textile industry became the first to be industrialized

14. The Industrial Revolution began in England for a variety of reasons (1) England had large deposits of natural resources, such as iron and coal (2) England had harbors and rivers to help power factories and move goods by water (3) England also had a government that encouraged invention and invested money in business

15. INDUSTRIALIZATION SPREADS FURTHER OTHER NATIONS FOLLOW BRITAIN’S EXAMPLE AND INDUSTRIALIZE U.S.A. FRANCE GERMANY JAPAN INDUSTRIALISM + NATIONALISM = A FUTURE WAR BETWEEN THESE NATIONS

16. Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin stimulated a demand for cotton textiles

17. In 1765, James Watt invented the first steam engine Steam engines produced more power and allowed factories to be built in citiesnear workers

18. The textile industry and the rise of the factory system led to the growth of other industries Factories led to a demand for faster transportation Roads and canals (artificial waterways) were built in England; Robert Fulton’s steamboat increased the speed of water travel

19. STEEL-MAKING PROCESS Henry Bessemer invented a cheap process for making steel (which is stronger than iron)

20. What is a MONOPOLY? A situation where ONE company owns all of a type of product or service; there is NO competition

21. Industrialization led to people moving out of the rural areas and moving to cities; this “urbanization” caused massive growth of cities in industrial countries

22. Adam Smith explained capitalism: businesses operated in a free market economy based on competition, profits, and supply and demand

23. Capitalists like Adam Smith believe governments should have “laissez-faire” (hands off) principles and avoid heavy taxes, regulations, or interference in business

24. Socialists have a view different from capitalists: they argued that the government should be involved with the economy by enacting laws and regulations Socialists strive for equality in society and ending poverty by redistributing wealth from rich capitalists to the poor workers

25. Karl Marx introduced a radical form of socialism called communism With communism, there would be no more private property and the people would own all means of productions

26. Like socialists, communists want equality in society, but want to get it in a different way: Marx which predicted a war between the “haves” and “have nots”, where the workers would rise up and overthrow the privileged class

27. IMPERIALISMis the seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country. The stronger country dominates weaker countries politically, economically, and socially. The reason: the stronger country gains power with the money it makes from using the weaker country.

28. SPHERE OF INFLUENCE:Nations gain exclusive trading rights in a territory, dominate all trade and business, but allow the local government to make other decisions Forms of Imperialism COLONY: Europeans seize a territory with their army and rule it directly by sending governors to the colony PROTECTORATE: Local government exists, but Europeans make all real decisions in order to protect their trade (controlling them like a puppet)

29. The Industrial Revolution led to a huge demand for raw materials so countries could make more factory-produced goods The Industrial Revolution caused a huge demand for new overseas markets to sell their finished goods Having numerous colonies in Africa and Asia helped fuel the Industrial Revolution

30. MOTIVES FOR IMPERIALISM ECONOMIC Economic motives included (1) the desire to make money, (2) to expand and control foreign trade, (3) to create new markets for products, and (4) to acquire raw materials and cheap labor

31. MOTIVES FOR IMPERIALISM POLITICAL Political motives were based on (1) a nation’s desire to gain power, (2) to compete with other European countries, (3) to expand territory, (4) to exercise military force, and (5) to gain prestige by winning colonies, which boosts national pride

32. SOCIAL DARWINISM: The Roots of European Racism Social Darwinism is a social theory which states that the level a person rises to in society and wealth is determined by their genetic background To Europeans, this justified their imperialism in Asia and Africa: they felt stronger people had the right to rule weaker people

33. Based on the ideas behind “White Man’s Burden”, Europeans believed that they had the right and duty to bring the results of their progress to other “inferior” and “uncivilized” countries

34. What sparked European interest in Africa? Missionaries like Dr. David Livingstone were the first to explore the interior of Africa; what they discovered caused great interest in Africa from European rulers

35. The race for African colonies was so fierce that Europeans became afraid wars would break out

36. In 1884, 14 European nations met at the Congress of Berlin to “set the rules” for colonizing in Africa The main agreement: any nation could claim land in Africa by notifying the other nations and showing it could control the area No African nations were invited to attend

37. The most dominant imperial power in Africa was Great Britain

38. In 1882, Britain seized control of the Suez Canal from a French company so they have a shorter passage to their colonies in Africa and Asia

39. The most important empire-builder in Africa was the British businessman, Cecil Rhodes Many citizens in England dreamed of Rhodes creating a British colony that stretched from from “Capetown to Cairo”

40. POLITICAL MAP OF AFRICA ETHNIC/TRIBAL MAP OF AFRICA The artificial boundaries created by Europeans caused problems: they split up tribes and combined tribes that did not get along; today, Africa is plagued with warfare and genocide, partly brought on by these unnatural boundaries

41. Britain had so many colonies that it was said that the “sun never set on the British Empire”

42. Among all of Britain’s colonies, the most valuable was India (which they called “The Jewel in the Crown of the British Empire”) India had this nickname because it produced so many profitable cash-crops (such as tea, cotton, coffee, and opium)

43. “Cash crops” are non-food products like tea and cotton

44. The East India Company made huge profits creating plantations in India to harvest tea, coffee, cotton, and opium

45. The British emphasis on cash-crop plantations led to food shortages and famine in India (seven million Indians died due to starvation in 1876) To make sure they made money, the British pushed Indian farmers to grow cash crops

46. The British were desperate to find a product that the Chinese would buy so they could gain access to Chinese trade…

47. The product: opium was refined in India and smuggled into China; opium addiction helped the British gain access to Chinese trade

48. The Sepoy Mutiny In 1857, Sepoys refused to use new ammunition cartridges greased with pork/beef fat The tops of the new type of cartridges needed to be bitten off before they could be loaded into the new guns The sepoys were either Muslim or Hindu; the cow is sacred to Hindus and pork is forbidden to Muslims The anger over their religions being offended led to the Sepoys and then all of India rebelling against the British

49. The British Army intervened, defeated the Sepoys, and Britain took COMPLETE CONTROL of India, not just control of its economy

50. British Queen Victoria assumed the title of “Empress of India” The Sepoy Mutiny was a turning point in Indian historybecause it led to the British takeover of India