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STATE LEVEL TRAINING FOR DISCTRICT RESOURCE GROUP

This state-level training aims to enhance knowledge on ecosystem, its structure, functions, and types. Participants will learn to draw ecological pyramids, interpret carbon and phosphorus cycles, and recognize the importance of ecosystem conservation. The training also covers succession, vegetation types, and ecosystem services.

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STATE LEVEL TRAINING FOR DISCTRICT RESOURCE GROUP

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  1. STATE COUNCIL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING, CHENNAI – 06 STATE LEVEL TRAINING FOR DISCTRICT RESOURCE GROUP XII Std. Biology-Botany & Botany

  2. பாடம் 7 சூழல்மண்டலம்

  3. Chapter7 ECOSYSTEM

  4. Learning objectives • The learner will be able to, • Describe the Structure, functions and types of ecosystems • Draw ecological pyramids by means of number, biomass and energy • Interpret carbon and phosphorus cycle • Recognise pond ecosystem as a self-sufficient and self-regulating system • Analyse ecosystem services and its management • Discuss about the importance and conservation of ecosystem • Explain causes, process and types of succession • Classify vegetation types of India and Tamil Nadu

  5. NEW BOOK Vs OLD BOOK

  6. Chapter outline 7.1 Ecosystem 7.2 Function of ecosystem 7.3 Succession 7.4 Vegetation

  7. Introduction • The term ‘ecosystem’ was proposed by • A.G. Tansley (1935)- • ‘system resulting from the integration of all the living and nonliving factors of the environment’. • Odum(1962)- • ecosystem ‘as the structural and • functional unit of ecology’.

  8. 7.1 Structure of ecosystem Biotic ( living ) components Biotic (living) components Abiotic (non-living) components Abiotic (non-living) components Climatic factors (Air, water, sunlight, rainfall, temperature and humidity). Climatic factors (Air, water, sunlight, rainfall, temperature and humidity). Autotrophic components Heterotrophic components Edaphic factors (soil air, soil water and PH of soil). Edaphic factors (soil air, soil water and PH of soil). Plants - producers. consumers Topography (latitude, altitude ). Topography (latitude, altitude ). Macroconsumers Herbivores, carnivores and omnivores Organic components ( carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and humic substances). Organic components ( carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and humic substances). Microconsumers-Decomposer: Bacteria, Actinomycetes and Fungi. Microconsumers-Decomposer: Bacteria, Actinomycetes and Fungi. Inorganic substances (C, H, O, N and P ). Inorganic substances (C, H, O, N and P ).

  9. Structure of ecosystem

  10. 7.2Functions of ecosystem • 7.2.1 PhotosyntheticallyActive Radiation – (PAR) • 400 – 700 nm • 34 percent that reaches the earth is reflected back in the atmosphere. • While 10% is held by ozone, water vapours and atmospheric gases. • Out of this 56%, only 2 – 10% of the solar energy is used by green plants. • Photo voltic detectors ( 0-3000)

  11. 7.2 Functions of ecosystem

  12. 7.2.2PRODUCTIVITY OF ECOSYSTEM • The rate of biomass production per unit area in a unite time is called productivity. • 1.Primary productivity • (Energy stored in autotrophs ) • a. Gross primary productivity • GPP= TOTAL ENERGY ( Photosynthesis) • b. Net primary productivity • NPP = GPP- RESPIRATION • 2.Secondary productivity. • ( Energy stored in heterotrophs ) • a. Gross secondary productivity • GSP= INGESTED - FAECES • b. Net secondary productivity • NSP= GSP-RESPIRATION • 3. Community productivity. • ( Energy stored in group of plants)

  13. 7.2.2 PRODUCTIVITY OF ECOSYSTEM • Factors affecting primary productivity • plant species of an area, • Photosynthetic capacity, • Availability of nutrients, • Solar radiation, • Precipitation, • Soil type, • Topographic factors (altitude, latitude, direction).

  14. 7.2.2 PRODUCTIVITY OF ECOSYSTEM • Productivity of different ecosystms

  15. 7.2.3 Concept of trophic level in an ecosystem

  16. 7.2.4 Energy flow • Transfer of energy in an ecosystem between trophic levels.

  17. 7.2.4 Energy flow Law of thermodynamics- Storage and loss of energy. i. First law of thermodynamics Energy can be transmitted from one system to another in various forms, but it cannot be destroyed or created. As a result, the quantity of energy present in the universe is constant.

  18. 7.2.4 Energy flow ii. Second law of thermodynamics- Energy transformation results in the reduction of the free energy of the system. Usually energy transformation cannot be 100% efficient. . Example: Ten percent law

  19. 7.2.5 Food chain • Movement of energy from producers up to top carnivores. • Two types of food chain • 1. Grazing food chain2. Detritus food chain • .

  20. 7.2.6 Food Web • Inter-locking pattern of a number of food chain. • Example: Grazing food chain.

  21. 7.2.6 Food Web • Significance of food web • Constructed to describe species interaction called direct interaction. • Illustrate indirect interactions among different species. • Study bottom-up or top-down control of community structure . • Reveal different patterns of energy transfer in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.

  22. 7.2.7 Ecological pyramids • A graphical representation of the trophic structure and function • at each successive trophic levels of an ecosystem. • Charles Elton (1927)- Eltonianpyramids. • Three types: • (1)Pyramids of number. • (2) Pyramids of biomass. • (3) Pyramids of energy.

  23. 7.2.7 Ecological pyramids (1) pyramids of number. A graphical representation ofthe number of organisms present at each successive trophic level in an ecosystem.

  24. 7.2.7 Ecological pyramids (2) pyramids of biomass A graphical representation of the amount of organic material (biomass) present at each successive trophic level in an ecosystem.

  25. 7.2.7 Ecological Pyramids (3) Pyramids of energy A graphical representation of energy flow at each successive trophic level in an ecosystem. Always upright.

  26. 7.2.8 Decomposition • Detritus (dead plants, animals and their excreta) are breakdown in to simple organic matter. • Nature of decomposition: • Carbohydrate, fat and protein are decomposed rapidly than the cellulose, lignin, chitin, hair and bone. • Mechanism of decomposition: • a) Fragmentation- Breaking down of detritus in to a smaller particles. • b) Catabolism – Breaking down of complex in to smaller ones by enzymes. • c) Leaching – Moving down the substances to lower layer of soil. • d) Humification- Formation of dark coloured humus. • e) Mineralisation- Releasing of nutrients from humus.

  27. 7.2.8 Process of decomposition Factors affecting decomposition Temperature, soil moisture, soil pH ,oxygen, chemical quality of detritus.

  28. 7.2.9. Biogeochemical cycle or Nutrient cycle • Exchange of nutrients between organisms and their environment. • 1. Gaseous cycle– Oxygen, Carbon and Nitrogen. • 2. Sedimentary cycle - Phosphorus, Sulphurand Calcium .

  29. 7.2.9. Biogeochemical cycle or Nutrient cycle i) Carbon cycle :Circulation of carbon between organisms and environment .

  30. 7.2.9. Biogeochemical cycle or Nutrient cycle ii ) Phosphorus cycle : Circulation of phosphorus between organisms and environment.

  31. 7.2.10 Types of ecosystem

  32. Structure of Pond ecosystem Structure of Pond ecosystem

  33. 7.2.10 Pond ecosystem Structure of Pond ecosystem It is a self sustaining and self regulatory fresh water ecosystem. I ) Abiotic components; Inorgaic-CO2, O2,Ca, N, P. Organic -Amino acids and Humicacid. ii) Biotic components; a).Producers Phytoplanktons: Oscillatoria, Anabaena, Eudorina, Volvoxand Diatoms. Filamentous : Ulothrix, Spirogyra and Cladophora. Floating plants :Azolla, Salvia, Pistia, WolffiaandEichhornia. Sub-merged plants : PotamogetonandPhragmitis. Rooted floating plants : Nymphaea and Nelumbo. Macrophytes : TyphaandIpomoea.

  34. Structure of Pond ecosystem B ) Consumers Primary consumers : Paramecium and Daphnia. Secondary consumers : Beetles and frogs. Tertiary consumers : Duck , crane. Top carnivores : Large fish, hawk ,man. c ) Decomposers Example: Bacteria and Fungi. Conclusion: Cyclingof nutrients between abiotic and biotic components is evident in the pond ecosystem, making itself self sufficient and self regulating.

  35. 7.2.10 Types of ecosystem

  36. 7.2.10 Types of ecosystem

  37. Stratification of pond ecosystem • Zones of pond • (Based on distance, penetration of light and depth) • Littoral zone – Closest to the shore. • Limnetic zone- Open water of the pond. • Profundal zone- Below the limnetic zone. • Benthic zone- Bottom of the pond.

  38. Activity

  39. 7.2.11 Ecosystem services

  40. 7.2.11 Ecosystem services

  41. How do anthropogenic activities affect ecosystem services?

  42. 7.2.11 Ecosystem services

  43. How to protect the ecosystem? • “If we fail to protect environment, we will fail to save posterity” • we have to practice the following in our day today life: • Buy and use only ecofriendly products and recycle them. • Grow more trees • Choose sustained farm products (vegetables, fruits, greens, etc.) • Reduce the use of natural resources. • Recycle the waste and reduce the amount of waste you produce. • Reduce consumption of water and electricity and reduce carbon footprint. • Reduce or eliminate the use of house-hold chemicals and pesticides. • Maintain your cars and vehicles properly. • Create awareness and educate about ecosystem protection among your friends and family members and ask them to find out solution to minimize this problem.

  44. How to protect the ecosystem?

  45. 7.2.12 ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT • Strategy of ecosystem management • Maintain biodiversity of ecosystems. • Indicating the damaged ecosystem (Some species indicate the health of the ecosystem: such species are called a flagship species). • Recognize the inevitability of ecosystem change and plan accordingly. • Used for achieving sustainability of ecosystem through sustainable development programme (or projects). • Identifying ecosystems which are in need of rehabilitation. • Collaborative management with government agencies, local population, communities and NGO’s. • Build the capacity of local institutions and community groups to assume responsibility for long term implementation of ecosystem management activities even after the completion of the project..

  46. ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT

  47. 7.2.12 ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT

  48. 7.3 Plant succession Succession - Such successive replacement of one type of plant community by the other of the same area/ place. Pioneers- First invaded plants in a barren (nude) area . Seral communities- A series of transitional developments of plant communities one after another in a given area. 7.3.1 Causes of Succession a) Initiating causes – Barren area formed by the activity of biotic and abiotic factors. b) Continuing causes - Migration , aggregation, competition and reaction. c) Stabilizing causes- Establishment of plant communities.

  49. 7.3.2 Characteristics of ecological succession • Causeschanges in specific structure of plant community. • Changes of abiotic and biotic factors. • Transforms unstable community into a stable community. • Gradual progression in species diversity, total biomass, niche specialisation , and humus content of soil takes place. • Progresses from simple food chain to complex food web • Modifies the lower and simple life form to the higher life forms. • Creates inter-dependence of plants and animals.

  50. 7.3.3 Types of succession

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