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Understanding Sound Propagation: Interference, Constructive and Destructive Effects

This chapter delves into the concept of sound propagation and the phenomena of interference. It explains how sound waves can arrive from multiple sources, either cooperating through constructive interference or canceling out through destructive interference. The details of in-phase and out-of-phase sound waves are discussed, along with the conditions necessary for each type of interference. Examples involving speakers emitting identical frequencies help illustrate how path-length differences affect sound intensity. Homework exercises are provided to reinforce understanding.

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Understanding Sound Propagation: Interference, Constructive and Destructive Effects

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Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter 4 (Hall) Sound Propagation (Cont.) PHY 1071

  2. Outline • Interference • In phase • Out of phase • Constructive interference • Destructive interference PHY 1071

  3. Interference • What is the combined effect when similar sound waves arrive from several directions at once? • They may either cooperate or cancel out. This phenomenon is called interference. • Constructive interference • Destructive interference PHY 1071

  4. Interference of two sound waves • A pair of speakers (sources) putting out identical sounds. • Two sound waves are in phase at A, C, or D: Every time a crest from one speaker reaches A, so does a crest from the other speaker, and the two signals are said to be in phase at A. • Two sound waves are out of phase at B or E: Every time a crest from one speaker reaches B, so does a trough from the other speaker. One wave’s compression cancels the other’s rarefaction, and the net result is no disturbance at all, and the two signals are said to be out of phase at B. • One would avoid ever driving two speakers in the same room with the same signal. PHY 1071

  5. Conditions for constructive and destructive interference • Constructive interference: The enhance intensity at A (or C or D) is called constructive interference. • Condition for constructive interference: When there are one or more full wavelengths difference in distance between the two signals, i.e. L1-L2 = n, n = 0, ±1, ±2…. • Destructive interference: The reduced (sometimes zero) intensity at B (or E) is called destructive interference. • Condition for destructive interference: When L1 – L2 = (n + ½), n = 0, ±1, ±2,... PHY 1071

  6. Example • Sound of frequency f = 688 Hz is sent through two speakers. What are several values for path-length difference L1 –L2 that will lead to constructive interference? PHY 1071

  7. Homework • Ch. 4 (Hall), P. 69, Exercises: #7, 8, 9 (#9 is a little more difficult). PHY 1071

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