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CHAPTER 6

CHAPTER 6. FEDERALISTS And REPUBLICANS 1789-1816. Federal Hall – site of first two sessions of Congress (1789). Main Hall of Federal Hall New York, NY

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CHAPTER 6

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  1. CHAPTER 6 FEDERALISTS And REPUBLICANS 1789-1816

  2. Federal Hall – site of first two sessions of Congress (1789)

  3. Main Hall of • Federal Hall • New York, NY • Congress Hall - Philadelphia

  4. Chapter 6, Section 1Washington and Congress A. Creating a New Government 1. A CABINET a. Dept. of State - Thomas Jefferson b. Treasury Dept. – A. Hamilton c. Dept. of War – Gen. H. Knox d. Attorney General – E. Randolph

  5. Chapter 6, Sec 1 B. Judicial Act of 1789 1. 13 district courts 2. 3 courts of appeal 3. Supreme Court 4. John Jay – 1st Chief Justice C. Bill of Rights 1. 12 amendments were sent for approval 2. 10 were approved

  6. Chapter 6, Sec 1 D. Financing the Government 1. Tariff of 1789 – taxed imports from other countries and ships paid tonnage (James Madison) 2. What part of the country got mad about these taxes? Who would it affect the most? The South because they had to ship their rice and tobacco to Europe and needed goods from Europe. 3. Southerners felt the new government was against them.

  7. Chapter 6, Sec 1 E. HAMILTON’S PLAN 1. Believed the government needed the ability to borrow money. 2. The government owed a. $40 million to American citizens b. $11.7 million to France, Spain & the Netherlands Hamilton wanted these debts to be paid at full face value in order to preserve the honesty of the new government so people/countries would continue to loan it money.

  8. Chapter 6, Sec 1 3. Madison felt the plan was unfair to original purchasers of bonds because speculators had bought up many bonds at very low prices and they would be the ones to benefit not the people who had loaned the money. 4. Madison was also upset that the Southern taxes would pay the money to the bond holders who were mostly in the North. 5. A DEAL – Madison, Hamilton, & Washington would work to convince southerners to vote for the plan and in return the capitol would be moved to a southern state – VA. It would be The District of Columbia.

  9. Chapter 6, Sec 1 F. THE BANK OF THE UNITED STATES Hamilton said the government needed a bank to manage its debts and interest payments and issue paper money that would promote trade, encourageinvestment, & stimulate economic growth.

  10. Chapter 6, Sec 1 Southerners – said North would own most of the bank’s stock Madison – said it is not in the enumerated powers of the Constitution to establish a bank. Hamilton – said Article I, Sec 8, gave the federal government the power “to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper” to execute its responsibilities. He said it was necessary to collect taxes, regulate trade and provide defense. Washington – signed the bill. The Bank was established for a 20-year period.

  11. Chapter 6, Sec 1 G. THE WHISKEY REBELLION • Western farmers were making whiskey out of their corn because the corn would spoil when they tried to deliver it to the Eastern markets over land. • The Spanish had closed the Mississippi River. • PA farmers began terrorizing tax collectors. • Hamilton urged Washington to send troops to crush the rebellion. • The army dispersed the rebellion without a fight. ***Using Federal troops against the countries’ own people concerned everyone.

  12. Chapter 6, Sec 1 • 4. THE RISE OF POLITICAL PARTIES • FEDERALISTS REPUBLICANS • National Gov. State Gov. • supreme supreme • Wealthy/educated Landowners • Manufacturing Agriculture • Loose Strict • interpretation interpretation • Protective tariff/ Protective tariff/ industry farmers

  13. Chapter 6, Federalists & Republicans 1. Organized Gov. & Created Depts 2. Organized Judicial Branch Tasks of Congress 6. Accepted debt and paid in full to establish money 3. Adopted the Bill of Rights 4. Financed the gov.by imposing tariff and tonage 5. Created the National Bank

  14. C 6, Sec 2 - PARTISAN POLITICS I. Washington’s Foreign Policy The French Revolution began shortly after Washington was inaugurated. A.The American Response. 1. Federalists – opposed it Republicans – supported it 2. The Treaty of 1778 required the U.S. to help France. If Washington did that, it would mean war with Britain. Washington declared that the U.S. would be “friendly and impartial” toward both parties.

  15. Chapter 6, Sec 2 B.Jay’s Treaty. To avoid war, John Jay was sent to Britain. Jay agreed: a. Britain had the right to seize cargoes bound for French ports. b. Did not get compensation for American merchants whose goods had been seized, but Britain agreed that a third country could arbitrate this.(Embarrassing) c. British gave the U.S. most favored nation status – American merchants would not be discriminated against when trading with Britain. d. Britain allowed limited U.S. trade with their Caribbean colonies. *3. This treaty was an embarrassment for the U.S., but it prevented war with G.B. & protected the American economy.

  16. Chapter 6, Sec 2 C. PINCKNEY’S TREATY. Washington sent Thomas Pinckney to negotiate with Spain. Spanish signed the Treaty of San Lorenzo or Pinckney’s Treaty. 1. Granted the U.S. the right to navigate the Mississippi River & to deposit goods at the port of New Orleans. 2. Widely accepted especially by Western farmers who needed to use the river.

  17. Chapter 6, Sec 2 II. WESTWARD EXPANSION. A. Kentucky becomes a state – 1792 B. Tennessee becomes a state – 1796 C. Settlers keep moving to the NW Territory & begin having confrontations with Natives D. Little Turtle – confederacy of Miami, Shawnee, Delaware and other groups. E. Battle of Fallen Timbers (Toledo, OH) – Gen. Anthony Wayne defeated Native Americans. F. Treaty of Greenville – Native Americans gave up what is today southern Ohio and Indiana in exchange for yearly payment of $10,000 from the federal government. G. Ohio becomes a state - 1803

  18. Chapter 6, Sec 2 III. Washington Leaves Office A. Washington’s Farewell Address: 1. Warned of sectionalism – avoid dividing the country into North against South or East against West. 2. Cautioned about political parties. 3. Warned against getting involved with foreign nations. III. Washington Leaves Office A. Washington’s Farewell Address: 1. Warned of sectionalism – avoid dividing the country into North against South or East against West. 2. Cautioned about political parties. 3. Warned against getting involved with foreign nations.

  19. Chapter 6, Sec 2 B. The Election of 1796 1. 1st Election of President 2. Federalists – John Adams - 71 Republicans – Thomas Jefferson – 68 3. John Adams is the 2nd President of the United States of America

  20. Chapter 6, Sec 2 IV. The Quasi-War with France • THEXYZAFFAIR – Adams sent Charles Pinckney, Elbridge Gerry & John Marshall to France to negotiate about the problem with the French stopping American ships and seizing goods. • The French tried to bribe the Americans which was an insult. • This became an undeclared war between America and France. • The Convention of 1800 ended the Americans obligation to help France (Treaty of 1778) and ended the Quasi-War.

  21. Chapter 6, Sec 2 V. The War Between The Parties The Federalists in Congress decide to strike back at the Republicans!! A. The Alien & Sedition Act. 1. Laws against the aliens: • Wait 14 years before becoming citizens • President can deport any alien dangerous to the U.S. 2. Sedition – can not print or say anything “false, scandalous, & malicious” against the federal government or any officer of the government.

  22. Chapter 6, Sec 2 B. The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (argued that since the states had created the Constitution, they could declare federal laws unconstitutional). 1. The VA Resolution – interposition 2. The KY Resolution – nullification

  23. Chapter 6, Sec 2 C. The Election of 1800 1. The Democratic Republicans – Thomas Jefferson – Pres. Aaron Burr – Vice Pres. (against new taxes & a national bank) 2. The Federalists – John Adams – Pres. Charles Pinckney – Vice P.

  24. Chapter 6, Sec 2 3. The Constitution does not let citizens vote directly for the president. Each state chooses electors – the same number as it has senators and representatives and they vote for the president. THE FLAW – Each elector would vote for two people (usually their parties presidential and vice presidential nominees).

  25. Current Electoral U.S. Votes

  26. Chapter 6, Sec 2 • JeffersonBurr When the votes were counted, there was a tie between Jefferson and Burr. Republicans had intended for one vote to be held back, but that did not happen. The president was selected by the House of Representatives which was controlled by the Federalists. The vote again tied in the House of Representatives.

  27. Chapter 6, Sec 2 Finally, Jefferson let the Federalists know that he would not fire all the Federalists nor dismantle Hamilton’s financial system. James Baynard then cast a blank ballot, making Jefferson the new president. THE ELECTION OF 1800 demonstrated that power in the U.S. could be peacefully transferred despite strong disagreements between parties

  28. Chapter 6, Sec 3 – Jefferson in Office I. Thomas Jefferson Takes Office Jefferson used a less formal style than Washington & Adams. He believed in small government. • He began by paying off the federal debt. • Cut government spending. • Did away with the Whiskey Tax. • Relied on local militia instead of an army.

  29. Chapter 6, Sec 3 II. The Rise of the SUPREME COURT The Judiciary Act of 1801 – created 16 new federal judges. Adams appointed Federalists to these positions – “midnightjudges” because he signed appointments until midnight on his last day in office.

  30. Chapter 6, Sec 3 A. Impeaching Judges 1.Jefferson repealed the Judiciary Act of 1801 which abolished the new judges positions. 2. The Republicans then tried to remove other Federalist judges by impeaching them. To impeach someone, they must be found guilty of “treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.” 3. An 1804 case established that judges could only be removed for criminal behavior, not just because Congress disagreed with their decisions.

  31. Chapter 6, Sec 3 B. Marbury v. Madison *JOHN MARSHALL– most important appointment J. Adams made. • Served 34 years • Responsible for making the Supreme Court a powerful, independent branch. 1. William Marbury appointed by Adams as justice of the peace in Washington,D.C. 2. His appointment was not delivered by VP Madison. 3. Marbury asked the Supreme Court to make Madison deliver the appointment 4. Marshall said the Supreme Court could not issue the court order because it was out of their jurisdiction and the Supreme Court agreed with him. • This decision strengthened the Supreme Court because it asserted the Court’s right of judicial review.

  32. Chapter 6, Sec 3 III. The United States Expands West A. The Louisiana Purchase. 1. Robert Livingston sent to France to negotiate buying the LA Purchase in 1801. 2. In 1803, Napoleonoffered to sell all of the LA Territory as well as NewOrleans to the U.S. 3. Cost - $11.25 million and took on French debts owed to American citizens for $3.75 million = $15 million. 4. The U.S. more than doubled its size and gained control of the entire Mississippi River.

  33. Chapter 6, Sec 3

  34. Chapter 6, Sec 3 B. The Lewis & Clark Expedition. WilliamMeriwether Lewis & William Clark were sent by Jefferson to explore the LA Territory, trace the Mississippi River & find a route to the Pacific Ocean even before the U.S. bought the LA Territory.

  35. Chapter 6, Sec 3 C. The Pike Expedition In 1805 Zebulon Pike mapped much of the upper Mississippi & looked for the Arkansas River. He traveled to Colorado and charted the mountain now called Pike’s Peak. He also mapped the Rio Grande & traveled through what is now Southern Texas.

  36. Chapter 6, Sec 3 D. The Essex Junto 1. Small group of Federalists in MA. 2. Drafted a plan to take New England out of the Union. 3. In 1804 they persuaded Aaron Burr to run for governor of NY in 1804. 4. Hamilton called Burr a “dangerous man.” Burr challenged him to a duel. When they met, Hamilton refused to fire & Burr shot and killed him.

  37. Chapter 6, Sec 3 IV. Rising Internal Tensions A. Economic Warfare in 1803. 1. England & France are fighting again. 2. The war helped American merchants at first. 3. 1806, Britain issued Orders in Council. 4. Napoleon said France would take goods from ships that obeyed the Orders. 5. Americans were in the middle. B. Impressment – British claimed the right to stop American ships and search for deserters, and they also took American citizens at times. British warship LEOPARD stopped the American warship, Chesapeake to search it. The Captain of the Chesapeake refused, the Leopard fired & killed 3 Americans.

  38. Chapter 6, Sec 3 C. Economic Diplomacy Falls 1. After the Chesapeake affair, Jefferson asked Congress to pass the Embargo Act of 1807 which halted trade between the U.S. and Europe & avoided war. 2. The embargo ended up hurting the U.S. more than Britain & France. 3. Congress repealedthe embargo right before Jefferson left office in 1809.

  39. Chapter 6, Sec 4 – THE WAR OF 1812

  40. Chapter 6, Sec 4 I. The Decision for War. Election of 1808 – Republicans– J. Madison -- WINNER Federalists– C. Pinckney A. Economic Pressures. 1. Madison asked Congress to pass the Non-Intercourse Act – forbade trade with France and Britain, but allowed the President to open up trade with whichever country removed the trade restrictions first.“Did not work.” 2. Macon’s Bill Number Two- reopened trade with Britain & France, but said that if either nation agreed to drop its restrictions on trade, the U.S. would stop importing goods from the other nation. 3. 1811 – Congress passed a non-importation act against Britain because Britain would not drop trade restrictions. 4. 1812 – Britain finally ended all restrictions on American trade – but it was TOO LATE. Two days later, they learned that the U.S. had declared war on Great Britain.

  41. Chapter 6, Sec 4 B. THE WAR HAWKS. 1. Henry Clay (KY), John C. Calhoun (SC), and Felix Grundy (TN) – wanted to go to war w/Britain. 2. These were Americans in the South & West. 3. Two reasons for war: (1) Trade restrictions hurt Southern planters and Western farmers; and (2) Western farmers blamed the British for Native American problems.

  42. Chapter 6, Sec 4 Tecumseh C. Tecumseh and Tippecanoe 1. Speculators and Settlers sparked Native American resistance. 2. Tecumseh tried to unite his people. 3. His brother Tenskwatawa (the Prophet) lived on Tippecanoe River & practiced traditional Native American ways of living. 4. Gov. William Henry Harrison of Indiana decided to stamp out Native movement & attacked. Tecumseh fled to Canada. 5. Western farmers wanted war & Madison finally asked Congress to declare war on Britain, June 1812. 6. The South and West voted for war.

  43. Chapter 6, Sec 3 II. THE INVASION OF CANADA. Called “Mr. Madison’s War” Problems

  44. Chapter 6, Sec 4 A. Three Strikes Against Canada 1. Three attacks: Detroit, Niagara Falls, Hudson RiverValley toward Montreal – all failed. 2. The NY militia refused to cross the river into Canada because they said they could not be forced to leave the country. B. Perry’s Victory on Lake Erie. 1. Commadore Oliver Perryconstructed a fleet on Lake Erie in Ohio & defeated the British there. 2. BUT the Americans were pushed back into Detroit & by 1813 the U.S. still had not conquered any Canadian territory.

  45. Chapter 6, Sec 4 III. THE WAR ENDS Napoleon’s empire collapsed in 1814. This gave the British more time to focus on the U.S. The British had a 3-part strategy: 1. British navy would raid American cities along the coast. 2. March into NY from Montreal, cutting New England off. 3. Seize New Orleans & close the Mississippi River to western farmers.

  46. Chapter 6, Sec 4 A. Raids on Washington, D.C. & Baltimore 1. August 1814 – troops landed within marching distance toWashington, D.C. 2. British marched into Washington, D.C., and Madison along with Government officials fled. The British set fire to the White House & the Capitol and started towards Baltimore. 3. Baltimorewas ready for the British. After the bombardment ofFort McHenryon September 13, the British left. Frances Scott Keywrote the Star Spangled Banner as he watched the attack as a prisoner on a British ship.

  47. Chapter 6, Sec 4The burning of the White House - 1814

  48. Chapter 6, Sec 4 B. The Battle of Lake Champlain = British troops marched toward NY, but had to control Lake Champlain. Americans defeated the British fleet. The British retreated to Montreal. C. The Hartford Convention – called for several constitutional amendments to increase New England’s political power.

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