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Main Points: Geodynamics Earth is a system of systems ( “ spheres ” )

Main Points: Geodynamics Earth is a system of systems ( “ spheres ” ) Earth ’ s layering is driven by gravity Pressure and temperature increase with depth #3 causes some strange conflicts in material behavior

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Main Points: Geodynamics Earth is a system of systems ( “ spheres ” )

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  1. Main Points: Geodynamics • Earth is a system of systems (“spheres”) • Earth’s layering is driven by gravity • Pressure and temperature increase with depth • #3 causes some strange conflicts in material behavior • Heat within Earth flows by conduction, convection, and radiation; differently within different layers • Earth’s internal motions are driven by the 2nd law of thermodynamics (heat flows from hot to cold regions)

  2. Question: What percentage of the volume of Earth’s crustal rock is made up of oxygen? a) 0.94% b) 4.9% c) 9.4% d) 49% e) 94% Tweet to: @wueps201 <letter> 752

  3. Geosphere Composition of Crust (%): Weight Moles Volume Oxygen 47.2 61.7 93.8 Silicon 28.2 21.0 0.9 Aluminum 8.2 6.4 0.5 Iron 5.1 1.9 0.4 Composition of Whole Earth (weight %): Iron 35 Oxygen 30 Silicon 15 Magnesium 13 Nickel 2.4

  4. Hydrosphere: 96.5% in Oceans 3.5% in glaciers, groundwater ~0% in streams, lakes, atmosphere, biosphere 71% of Earth’s surface is currently covered with water. If Earth were a perfect sphere, it would be covered with 2.25 km of water.

  5. Atmosphere: Composition (by volume): N2 - 78.1% O2 - 20.9% Ar - 0.93% H2O - 0.1% CO2 - 0.040% (increasing) Ne - 0.0018%

  6. Earth's magnetic field LOOKS LIKE there is a tilted, offset, wandering, bar magnet in its core. (But there isn’t!!) Fluid flow (convection) of liquid iron in Earth’s outer core creates the magnetic field.  Magnetohydrogeodynamo

  7. The magnetosphere protects us from ionized particles of solar wind.

  8. Biosphere: Extends from the seafloor and deep crust, to the tops of mountains and the atmosphere. 3 - 300 million species; ~1.5 million identified VERY significant geological agent (Ex: atmosphere, weathering)

  9. Temperature 10ºC ? ? ? 1 bar Pressure

  10. Temperature 10ºC ~3500ºC ~5500ºC 3.62 Megabars 1 bar Pressure

  11. A Planet’s History is Dominated by the Flow of Heat Outward: Occurs through Radiation Conduction Convection

  12. Major “players” in the story of Earth’s evolution: (1) 1st Law of Geology: Rocks Fall Downhill (Gravity) - Controls LAYERING, MINERAL PHASES

  13. Major “players” in the story of Earth’s evolution: (2) 1st Law of Geophysics - Heat “rises” (Thermodynamics, thermal expansion, gravity) Heat flows from hot regions to cold regions (therefore up and out of the Earth). (1) 1st Law of Geology: Rocks Fall Downhill (Gravity) - Controls LAYERING, MINERAL PHASES

  14. Hypsometric Curve:

  15. “Plate” Tectonics

  16. “Plate” Tectonics

  17. “Plate” Tectonics

  18. “Plate” Tectonics

  19. “Plate” Tectonics

  20. “Plate” Tectonics ? ?

  21. Geologic “Action” mostly happens at plate boundaries (Earthquakes, Volcanoes, Mountain Building, etc.)

  22. “World’s Geologic Wonders:” Example/ Erta Ale Volcano, Ethiopia

  23. Erta Ale, 2011 (used in “Clash of the Titans”)

  24. Erta Ale

  25. Erta Ale, fountaining

  26. Erta Ale, pseudo-subduction zone

  27. Erta Ale, looking like mid-ocean ridges

  28. Erta Ale, looking like Mid-Atlantic ridge, with transforms too!:

  29. Erta Ale

  30. Erta Ale, looking like a plate boundary triple-junction

  31. Erta Ale, 2010 flow

  32. Dallol hot springs, Ethiopia

  33. Dallol hot springs, Ethiopia

  34. Dallol hot springs, Ethiopia

  35. Nyiragongo, DR Congo

  36. Nyiragongo

  37. Pu’o O’o, Hawaii

  38. Marum crater, Ambrym island, Vanuatu

  39. Mt. Erebus Lava Lake, Antarctica

  40. Earliest Earth?

  41. Rifting:

  42. Rifting:

  43. Rifting:

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