Terms Pertaining to the Body as a Whole

1. Chapter 2 Terms Pertaining to the Body as a Whole

2. Structural Organization Cells Fundamental element of all living things Suffix meaning cell is �cyte Common cell parts Cell Membrane Surrounds and protects the cell Regulates what passes into and out of the cell

3. Cells Common cell parts (cont.) Nucleus Controlling structure of the cell Directs reproduction of cell Determines structure and function of cell Chromosomes Found within the nucleus 23 pairs found in cells (except the egg and sperm) Each chromosome contains genes composed of DNA

4. Cells Common cell parts (cont.) Chromosomes (cont.) Can be analyzed by karyotyping Picture of chromosomes in the nucleus Used to determine if chromosomes are normal in number and structure Often recommended by obstetricians via amniocentesis A number of abnormal karyotypes are possible http://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/2K2humancsomaldisorders.html

7. Cells Common cell parts (cont.) Cytoplasm Carries on the work of the cell Muscle cell � contracts Nerve cell � transmits impulses Contains the following Mitochondria aka the �power house of the cell� Produces energy by burning food This process is called catabolism

8. Cells Common cell parts (cont.) Cytoplasm (cont.) Contains the following (cont.) Endoplasmic Reticulum Cellular canals used to make proteins Process is called anabolism Collectively anabolism and catabolism are known as metabolism Fast vs. slow??

10. Cells Common Types Muscle cell Long and slender Has fibers that aid in contracting and relaxing Epithelial cell Lining and skin cell May be square and flat to provide protection

11. Cells Common Types (cont.) Nerve cell Long with fibrous extensions Carries impulses Fat cell Has large empty spaces for holding fat

12. Cells

13. Tissues A group of similar cells working together Histologist Someone who specializes in the study of tissues Types Epithelial Muscle Connective Nerve

14. Organs Structures composed of several types of tissue Medical term for internal organs is viscera Singular is viscus Ex. Of abdominal viscera Stomach Liver Intestines Spleen

15. Systems Group of organs working together to perform complex functions Types Digestive Skeletal Muscular Circulatory Nervous

16. Positional and Directional Terms (pg51) Anterior � front of the body Posterior � back of the body Inferior � below another structure Superior � above another structure Medial � nearer the medial plane Lateral � near the side or farther from medial plane

17. Positional and Directional Terms (pg51) Supine � lying on back Prone � lying on belly Superficial � on the surface Deep � away from the surface Proximal � nearer the trunk or near beginning of structure Distal � farther from the trunk or beginning of a structure

18. Planes of the Body (pg 52) Frontal Plane Vertical plane that divides body into anterior and posterior portions Sagittal Plane Vertical plane that divides body into right and left sides Transverse Plane Horizontal plane parallel to ground dividing body into upper and lower portions

20. Body Cavities

21. Body Cavities Cranial Cavity Space in the head containing the brain and surrounded by the skull Thoracic Cavity Space in the chest containing the heart, lungs, bronchial tubes, trachea, esophagus, and other organs Abdominal Cavity Space below the chest containing organs such as liver, stomach, gallbladder, and intestines

22. Body cavity Pelvic Cavity Space below the abdomen containing portions of the intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs Spinal Cavity Space in the chest containing the heart, lungs, bronchial tubes, trachea, esophagus, and other organs

23. Abdominopelvic Regions

24. Abdominal Quadrants

25. Abdominal Quadrants Right Upper Quadrant Contains parts of the small and large intestines, right lobe of the liver, part of the pancreas, and gallbladder Left Upper Quadrant Contains parts of the small and large intestines, left lobe of the liver, part of the pancreas, stomach, and spleen

26. Right Lower Quadrant Contains parts of the small and large intestines, right ovary, right fallopian tube, right ureter, and appendix Left Lower Quadrant Contains parts of the small and large intestines, left ovary, left fallopian tube, left ureter

27. Divisions of the back

28. Divisions of the Back Cervical Region Comprised of 7 vertebrae Thoracic Region Comprised of 12 vertebrae Each vertebrae is joined to a rib Lumbar Region Comprised of 5 vertebrae Sacral Region Comprised of 5 bones fused together to form one bone (sacrum) Coccygeal Region Composed of 4 fused pieces

29. Divisions of the Back Spinal Column Back bones or vertebrae Spinal Cord Nerves surrounded by the column Discs (or Disks) Small pads of cartilage found between vertebra Acts as cushioning Often called intervertebral discs