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Modern Germany

Modern Germany. Lecture 3: Politics, Culture, and Society in Bismarckian Germany (1871-1890). Burschenshaften and the Wartburg Festival (1817). “Let me impress upon the attention of the House the character of this war between France and Germany. It is no common war…. This war

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Modern Germany

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  1. Modern Germany Lecture 3: Politics, Culture, and Society in Bismarckian Germany (1871-1890)

  2. Burschenshaften and the Wartburg Festival (1817)

  3. “Let me impress upon the attention of the House the character of this war between France and Germany. It is no common war…. This war represents the German revolution, a greater political event than the French revolution…. You have a new world, new influences at work, new and unknown objects and dangers with which to cope…. The balance of power has been entirely destroyed.” - Benjamin Disraeli, 1871

  4. “The Germans are bored with the spirit now, the Germans mistrust the spirit now, politics swallows up all seriousness about really spiritual things – Deutschland, Deutschland über alles: I’m afraid that was the end of German philosophy… ‘Are there German philosophers? Are there German poets? Are there any good German books?’ I’m asked when I go abroad. I blush, but with bravery that’s typical of me even in hopeless cases, I answer: ‘Yes, Bismarck!’ – Could I even admit what books are read today?... Damned instinct of mediocrity!” - Friedrich Nietzsche, 1888

  5. Friedrich the Great Monument, Berlin

  6. Friedrich the Great Monument, Berlin

  7. Bismarck and Political Realism Ludwig II of Bavaria, his castles (1871), and Bismarck’s 1866 “Reptile Fund”

  8. An age of Political Realism (Realpolitik) • Cultural and political movement by 1850 • Realpolitik and 1848 revolutions • A “new toughness of mind” • Positivism (Auguste Comte, 1798-1857) • Charles Darwin (1809-1882), Origin of the Species (1859), and Social Darwinism • Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Marxism • Literary and artistic realism

  9. Romanticism: David Casper Friedrich

  10. Realism: John F. Weir, “Forging the Shaft,” 1840-46

  11. Bismarck and Foreign Policy • Key objectives • “Primacy of Foreign Policy” (Primat der Aussenpolitik) • France and the “Clash of Civilizations” (Kulturkampf) • The Three Emperors’ League (1873) and conservatism • The Great Depression (1873-1896) and protective tarriffs (1879)

  12. Limits to Bismarck’s Foreign Policy • “War in Sight” Crisis (1875) • Balkan wars and the Congress of Berlin (1878) • Dual Alliance (1879) and Triple Alliance (1882) • Reinsurance Treaty with Russia (1887)

  13. Main Weaknesses of Bismarck’s Foreign Policy • His system was locking people into place • It took (too) much energy and tact keeping the Austrians (Austria-Hungary) and Russians in place • Domestic pressures affecting foreign policy (German Colonial Society 1882, Congress of Berlin 1885)

  14. Government and Military under Bismarck

  15. German Empire (Reich) 1871 German Emperor – King of Prussia Herrenhaus Federal Council (Bundesrat) Imperial Assembly (Reichstag) Landtag Chancellor Minister-President War Ministry Administrative Secretaries Civilian Cabinet Military Cabinet General Staff Army Commands

  16. German Military • Albrecht von Roon (Minister of War until 1873) • Hulmuth von Moltke (on General Staff 1857-88) • Bismarck versus von Moltke (1870s-1880s) • Military largely under nobility’s influence

  17. German government • A federal state (kingdoms within empire) – Württemburg, Bavaria, Saxony, Prussia • Imperial (Reich) administrators • Federal Council (Bundesrat) • Imperial Assembly (Reichstag) • “Parliament without a government” • Bismarck at the center of it • Yet not so harmonious (Kulturkampf, Anti-Socialist Laws)

  18. German Political Parties LEFT RIGHT Conservatives (later German Conservatives) Social Democrats National Liberals Free Conservatives Progressives Center

  19. Bismarck versus the Reichstag • Bismarck and the “Clash of Civilizations” (Kulturkampf) (1871-78) • Bismarck and the Liberals (tariffs, 1879) • Bismarck and the Anti-Socialist Laws (1878-79) • Bismarck and Social Legislation

  20. Krupp smokestacks, Essen, 1867

  21. Burbach smelting works, Saarbrücken, 1876

  22. Socioeconomic change under Bismarck • Second Industrial Revolution (1860s-1950s) • Population growth and urbanization • Occupation shifts • Germany becoming economic giant (coal, steel, chemicals, electricity, banks, merchant marine)

  23. Culture under Bismarck

  24. Bugs Bunny and Wagner: • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MQlmXU1zqfc

  25. Historical Monuments • Victory Column (1875) • Hermannsdenkmal (1875) (Teutoburger Forest, Hermann (Arminius), Varus) • Bismarck monuments • Public donations • Creating sense of continuity amid rapid change

  26. Bismarck invites you to tea at the English “Tee Haus”!

  27. The Bismarck Monument... And here the fun begins…

  28. Bismarck

  29. (If you knew him well, you’d wish that crane would have smashed his head…)

  30. Atlas shrugging

  31. As if to add insult to injury…

  32. Bismarck has added a beer bottle!

  33. Siegfried (or Germania?) taming a beast

  34. A sibyl engrossed in thought (and looking mighty Goth in 2011!)

  35. Helmuth von Moltke monument

  36. Dedication to von Moltke

  37. Albrecht von Roon monument

  38. Von Roon inscription

  39. A beer bottle (left by a von Roon admirer?)

  40. The Victory Column (1873)

  41. Victoria (with a strange grin!)

  42. A beer garden nearby (playing music by Boney-M)

  43. Approaching the column by an underpass

  44. A cartoon version of German history to 1871…

  45. Friedrich Wilhelm IV and 1848

  46. The Franco-Prussian War and Napoleon III

  47. Ascending the column, a view of the Tiergarten and Brandenburg Gate

  48. The mural: Napoleon and the Napoleonic Wars

  49. Prussians on the battlefield (1870)

  50. Napoleon III in the Franco-Prussian War

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