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Gerunds- verbal nouns

Gerunds- verbal nouns. Consider this sentence. Discere est utilis - to learn is fun or learning is fun The infinitive is functioning as a subject To put discere in any other case than the nominative a gerund is used. Formation.

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Gerunds- verbal nouns

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  1. Gerunds- verbal nouns

  2. Consider this sentence • Discereestutilis- to learn is fun or learning is fun • The infinitive is functioning as a subject • To put discere in any other case than the nominative a gerund is used

  3. Formation • Add the ending – ndi to the stem of 1st, 2nd and 3rd conjugation and • Add the ending –endi to the stem of 4thconjugation and 3rd -io

  4. Then decline it like a neuter noun 2nd declension

  5. Irregular Gerunds • Eo, ire- eundi- of going • Fero, ferre- ferendi- of carrying/bearing

  6. Summary of Gerunds • Form by adding-ndito stem of 1/2/3 and –endi to stem of 4/ 3io • Conjugate it like a 2nd conjugation neuter • The nominative of the gerund is the infinitive- to verb/ verbing

  7. Exercise 1 page 340 • Animadverto, ere – to notice animadvertendi- of noticing • Appropinquo, are- to approach Appropinquandi- of approaching • Cerno, ere- to see, distinguish Cernendi- of seeing • Clamo, are- to shout Clamandi- of shouting • Fingo, fingere- to imagine, form in mind Fingendi- of imagining • Impingo, ere- to strike, push Impingendi- of pushing

  8. 7. infligo, infligere- to strike, inflict infligendi- of striking 8. percutio, percutere-to strike through percutiendi- of striking through 9. repello, repellere- to thrust back, push back repellendi- of pushing back 10. rideo, ridere- to laugh, smile ridendi- of laughing, smiling 11. veho, vehere- to drive, carry vehendi- of driving, carrying

  9. Uses of the gerund • Genitive- the gerund is used with nouns or adjetives that take the genitive • Studiosus- eager for • Eramdiscendistudiosus- I was found of learning • Allen & Greenough's NEW LATIN GRAMMAR 504. • The Genitive of the Gerund and Gerundive is used after nouns or adjectives, either as subjective or objective genitive:--

  10. Dative • Used to indicate the purpose of the action • Quaero locum aedificando • I am looking for a place for building • ie: I am looking for a place to build

  11. Accusative • Usually accompanied by the preposition “ad” indicates the purpose of the action • Paratus sum ad pugnandum- • I am ready for fighting

  12. Ablative • Used for means or instrument • Discimuslegendo • We learn by reading

  13. Exercise 3- Translate into English • Consiliumcepiappropinquandi ad oppidum I made a plan of approaching i.e. to approach • Postquamdiucurcumivi, tandem inveni locum descendendo After I went around for a long time, I finally found a place for descending. • Multi amici venerant ad spectandum. Many friend had come to watch. • Apectandointellexi me esse in caelo cum sideribus By watching I understood that I was in the sky with the stars.

  14. Exercise 5 • Multi sundstudiosicaelispectandi Many people are fond of watching the sky. Nicolauseratstudiosusspeluncaeinvestigandae nicolas was fond of searching into the cave Sederibuscernendisilleintellexit se esse in caelo. by seeing constellations he understood that he was in the sky.

  15. Gerundive- a verbal adjective • Formed identical to the gerund • Is a 1st and 2nd declension adjective • Example- parandus, a, um • The basic meaning of the gerundive is PASSIVE • Puellalaudanda- a girl to be praised • Liber legendus- a book to be read • Puellaamanda- a girl_________________

  16. If the gerund has a direct object it becomes a gerundive • Eramstudiosusvidendi- • I was eager of seeing ie. I was eager to see. • Eramstudiosusvidendaespeluncae- • I was eager to see the cave- “for the cave to be seen” • Videndae= gerundive modifying speluncae feminine genitive singular

  17. Exercise 5 • Gerund: Multi suntstudiosispectandi- many are eager of seeing. i.e. many are eager to see Gerundive: Multi suntstudiosispectandicaeli.

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